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Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database

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Author Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Parker, G.A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Punishment in animal societies Type Journal Article
  Year 1995 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 373 Issue 6511 Pages (down) 209-216  
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  Abstract Although positive reciprocity (reciprocal altruism) has been a focus of interest in evolutionary biology, negative reciprocity (retaliatory infliction of fitness reduction) has been largely ignored. In social animals, retaliatory aggression is common, individuals often punish other group members that infringe their interests, and punishment can cause subordinates to desist from behaviour likely to reduce the fitness of dominant animals. Punishing strategies are used to establish and maintain dominance relationships, to discourage parasites and cheats, to discipline offspring or prospective sexual partners and to maintain cooperative behaviour.  
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  Notes 10.1038/373209a0 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4838  
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Author Alexander, F.; Chowdhury, A.K. openurl 
  Title Enzymes in the ileal juice of the horse Type Journal Article
  Year 1958 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 181 Issue 4603 Pages (down) 190  
  Keywords *Enzymes; *Horses; Ileum/*metabolism; *Enzymes; *Horses; *ILEUM/metabolism  
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  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:13504127 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 121  
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Author Conradt, L.; Roper, T.J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Group decision-making in animals Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 421 Issue 6919 Pages (down) 155-158  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Decision Making; Democracy; Group Processes; *Models, Biological; Population Density; Social Behavior  
  Abstract Groups of animals often need to make communal decisions, for example about which activities to perform, when to perform them and which direction to travel in; however, little is known about how they do so. Here, we model the fitness consequences of two possible decision-making mechanisms: 'despotism' and 'democracy'. We show that under most conditions, the costs to subordinate group members, and to the group as a whole, are considerably higher for despotic than for democratic decisions. Even when the despot is the most experienced group member, it only pays other members to accept its decision when group size is small and the difference in information is large. Democratic decisions are more beneficial primarily because they tend to produce less extreme decisions, rather than because each individual has an influence on the decision per se. Our model suggests that democracy should be widespread and makes quantitative, testable predictions about group decision-making in non-humans.  
  Address School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK. l.conradt@sussex.ac.uk  
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  Notes PMID:12520299 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5136  
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Author Chittka, L.; Dyer, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Cognition: Your face looks familiar Type Journal Article
  Year 2012 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 481 Issue 7380 Pages (down) 154-155  
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  Publisher Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes 10.1038/481154a Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5494  
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Author Franks, N.R.; Richardson, T. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Teaching in tandem-running ants Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 439 Issue 7073 Pages (down) 153  
  Keywords *Animal Communication; Animals; Ants/*physiology; Feedback/physiology; Learning/*physiology; *Teaching  
  Abstract The ant Temnothorax albipennis uses a technique known as tandem running to lead another ant from the nest to food--with signals between the two ants controlling both the speed and course of the run. Here we analyse the results of this communication and show that tandem running is an example of teaching, to our knowledge the first in a non-human animal, that involves bidirectional feedback between teacher and pupil. This behaviour indicates that it could be the value of information, rather than the constraint of brain size, that has influenced the evolution of teaching.  
  Address School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 IUG, UK. nigel.franks@bristol.ac.uk  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1476-4687 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:16407943 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4651  
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Author Terrace, H.S. doi  openurl
  Title Chunking by a pigeon in a serial learning task Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 325 Issue 7000 Pages (down) 149-151  
  Keywords Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Columbidae/*physiology; Feedback; Learning/*physiology; Male  
  Abstract A basic principle of human memory is that lists that can be organized into memorable 'chunks' are easier to remember. Memory span is limited to a roughly constant number of chunks and is to a large extent independent of the amount of informaton contained in each chunk. Depending on the ingenuity of the code used to integrate discrete items into chunks, one can substantially increase the number of items that can be recalled correctly. Newly developed paradigms for studying memory in non-verbal organisms allow comparison of the abilities of human and non-human subjects to memorize lists. Here I present two types of evidence that pigeons 'chunk' 5-element lists whose components (colours and achromatic geometric forms) are clustered into distinct groups. Those lists were learned twice as rapidly as a homogeneous list of colours or heterogeneous lists in which the elements are not clustered. The pigeons were also tested for knowledge of the order of two elements drawn from the 5-element lists. They responded in the correct order only to those subsets that contained a chunk boundary. Thus chunking can be studied profitably in animal subjects; the cognitive processes that allow an organism to form chunks do no presuppose linguistic competence.  
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  Notes PMID:3808071 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2792  
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Author Reeve, H.K. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Queen activation of lazy workers in colonies of the eusocial naked mole-rat Type Journal Article
  Year 1992 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 358 Issue Pages (down) 147-149  
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  Notes 10.1038/358147a0 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4921  
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Author Fehr, E.; Gachter, S. doi  openurl
  Title Altruistic punishment in humans Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 415 Issue 6868 Pages (down) 137-140  
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  Abstract Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4835  
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Author Novacek, M.J. doi  openurl
  Title Mammalian phylogeny: shaking the tree Type Journal Article
  Year 1992 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 356 Issue 6365 Pages (down) 121-125  
  Keywords Animals; Evolution; Fossils; Mammals/classification/*genetics; *Phylogeny  
  Abstract Recent palaeontological discoveries and the correspondence between molecular and morphological results provide fresh insight on the deep structure of mammalian phylogeny. This new wave of research, however, has yet to resolve some important issues.  
  Address American Museum of Natural History, New York 10024  
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  Notes PMID:1545862 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3546  
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Author Moon, C.; Baldridge, M.T.; Wallace, M.A.; Burnham, C.-A.D.; Virgin, H.W.; Stappenbeck, T.S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Vertically transmitted faecal IgA levels determine extra-chromosomal phenotypic variation Type Journal Article
  Year 2015 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 521 Issue 7550 Pages (down) 90-93  
  Keywords Phenotype  
  Abstract The proliferation of genetically modified mouse models has exposed phenotypic variation between investigators and institutions that has been challenging to control1-5. In many cases, the microbiota is the presumed culprit of the variation. Current solutions to account for phenotypic variability include littermate and maternal controls or defined microbial consortia in gnotobiotic mice6,7. In conventionally raised mice, the microbiome is transmitted from the dam2,8,9. Here we show that microbially–driven dichotomous fecal IgA levels in WT mice within the same facility mimic the effects of chromosomal mutations. We observed in multiple facilities that vertically-transmissible bacteria in IgA-Low mice dominantly lowered fecal IgA levels in IgA-High mice after cohousing or fecal transplantation. In response to injury, IgA-Low mice showed increased damage that was transferable by fecal transplantation and driven by fecal IgA differences. We found that bacteria from IgA-Low mice degraded the secretory component (SC) of SIgA as well as IgA itself. These data indicate that phenotypic comparisons between mice must take into account the non-chromosomal hereditary variation between different breeders. We propose fecal IgA as one marker of microbial variability and conclude that cohousing and/or fecal transplantation enables analysis of progeny from different dams.  
  Address Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6005  
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