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	Author	Prather, J.F.; Peters, S.; Nowicki, S.; Mooney, R.
	Title	Precise auditory-vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	451	Issue	7176	Pages	305-310
	Keywords
	Abstract	Brain mechanisms for communication must establish a correspondence between sensory and motor codes used to represent the signal. One idea is that this correspondence is established at the level of single neurons that are active when the individual performs a particular gesture or observes a similar gesture performed by another individual. Although neurons that display a precise auditory–vocal correspondence could facilitate vocal communication, they have yet to be identified. Here we report that a certain class of neurons in the swamp sparrow forebrain displays a precise auditory–vocal correspondence. We show that these neurons respond in a temporally precise fashion to auditory presentation of certain note sequences in this songbird’s repertoire and to similar note sequences in other birds’ songs. These neurons display nearly identical patterns of activity when the bird sings the same sequence, and disrupting auditory feedback does not alter this singing-related activity, indicating it is motor in nature. Furthermore, these neurons innervate striatal structures important for song learning, raising the possibility that singing-related activity in these cells is compared to auditory feedback to guide vocal learning.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Nature Publishing Group	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1038/nature06492			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5062
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	Author	Arnold, K.; Zuberbuhler, K.
	Title	Language evolution: semantic combinations in primate calls			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	441	Issue	7091	Pages	303
	Keywords	Animal Migration; Animals; Eagles/physiology; Evolution; Female; Haplorhini/physiology; Male; Predatory Behavior; Semantics; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Syntax sets human language apart from other natural communication systems, although its evolutionary origins are obscure. Here we show that free-ranging putty-nosed monkeys combine two vocalizations into different call sequences that are linked to specific external events, such as the presence of a predator and the imminent movement of the group. Our findings indicate that non-human primates can combine calls into higher-order sequences that have a particular meaning.
	Address	School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16710411			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	354
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	Author	Brosnan, S.F.; De Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Monkeys reject unequal pay			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	425	Issue	6955	Pages	297-299
	Keywords	Aging; Animals; Cebus/psychology; Choice Behavior; Cooperative Behavior; Female; Male; *Reward; Social Justice
	Abstract	During the evolution of cooperation it may have become critical for individuals to compare their own efforts and pay-offs with those of others. Negative reactions may occur when expectations are violated. One theory proposes that aversion to inequity can explain human cooperation within the bounds of the rational choice model, and may in fact be more inclusive than previous explanations. Although there exists substantial cultural variation in its particulars, this 'sense of fairness' is probably a human universal that has been shown to prevail in a wide variety of circumstances. However, we are not the only cooperative animals, hence inequity aversion may not be uniquely human. Many highly cooperative nonhuman species seem guided by a set of expectations about the outcome of cooperation and the division of resources. Here we demonstrate that a nonhuman primate, the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella), responds negatively to unequal reward distribution in exchanges with a human experimenter. Monkeys refused to participate if they witnessed a conspecific obtain a more attractive reward for equal effort, an effect amplified if the partner received such a reward without any effort at all. These reactions support an early evolutionary origin of inequity aversion.
	Address	Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:13679918			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	179
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	Author	Milinski, M.; Rockenbach, B.
	Title	Human behaviour: Punisher pays			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	452	Issue	7185	Pages	297-298
	Keywords
	Abstract	The tendency of humans to punish perceived free-loaders, even at a cost to themselves, is an evolutionary puzzle: punishers perish, and those who benefit the most are those who have never punished at all. Humans are champions of cooperation. Reciprocity – the idea that, if I help you this time, you'll help me next time1 – is a secret of our success.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Nature Publishing Group	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1038/452297a			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4405
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	Author	Weissing, F.J.
	Title	Animal behaviour: Born leaders			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	474	Issue	7351	Pages	288-289
	Keywords	* Animal behaviour * Evolution * Psychology
	Abstract	Social animals face a dilemma. To reap the benefits of group living, they have to stay together. However, individuals differ in their preferences as to where to go and what to do next. If all individuals follow their own preferences, group coherence is undermined, resulting in an outcome that is unfavourable for everyone. Neglecting one's own preferences and following a leader is one way to resolve this coordination problem. But what attributes make an individual a 'leader'? A modelling study by Johnstone and Manica1 illuminates this question.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1038/474288a			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5396
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	Author	Clayton, N.S.; Dickinson, A.
	Title	Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	395	Issue	6699	Pages	272-274
	Keywords
	Abstract	The recollection of past experiences allows us to recall what a particular event was, and where and when it occurred1,2, a form of memory that is thought to be unique to humans3. It is known, however, that food-storing birds remember the spatial location4, 5, 6 and contents6, 7, 8, 9 of their caches. Furthermore, food-storing animals adapt their caching and recovery strategies to the perishability of food stores10, 11, 12, 13, which suggests that they are sensitive to temporal factors. Here we show that scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) remember 'when' food items are stored by allowing them to recover perishable 'wax worms' (wax-moth larvae) and non-perishable peanuts which they had previously cached in visuospatially distinct sites. Jays searched preferentially for fresh wax worms, their favoured food, when allowed to recover them shortly after caching. However, they rapidly learned to avoid searching for worms after a longer interval during which the worms had decayed. The recovery preference of jays demonstrates memory of where and when particular food items were cached, thereby fulfilling the behavioural criteria for episodic-like memory in non-human animals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1038/26216			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4788
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	Author	Ewart Jc,
	Title	The wild horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1903	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	68	Issue		Pages	271-274
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1076
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	Author	Nowak, M.A.; Sigmund, K.
	Title	Tit for tat in heterogeneous populations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	355	Issue		Pages	250-253
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1038/355250a0			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4842
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Behrens, T.E.J.; Hunt, L.T.; Woolrich, M.W.; Rushworth, M.F.S.
	Title	Associative learning of social value			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	456	Issue	7219	Pages	245-249
	Keywords
	Abstract	Our decisions are guided by information learnt from our environment. This information may come via personal experiences of reward, but also from the behaviour of social partners1, 2. Social learning is widely held to be distinct from other forms of learning in its mechanism and neural implementation; it is often assumed to compete with simpler mechanisms, such as reward-based associative learning, to drive behaviour3. Recently, neural signals have been observed during social exchange reminiscent of signals seen in studies of associative learning4. Here we demonstrate that social information may be acquired using the same associative processes assumed to underlie reward-based learning. We find that key computational variables for learning in the social and reward domains are processed in a similar fashion, but in parallel neural processing streams. Two neighbouring divisions of the anterior cingulate cortex were central to learning about social and reward-based information, and for determining the extent to which each source of information guides behaviour. When making a decision, however, the information learnt using these parallel streams was combined within ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that human social valuation can be realized by means of the same associative processes previously established for learning other, simpler, features of the environment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1038/nature07538			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4681
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Hoyt Df, T.C.
	Title	Gait and the energetics of locomotion in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	292	Issue		Pages	239-240
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1205
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