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| Author |
Noë, R.; van Schaik, C.P.; van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. |
| Title |
The Market Effect: an Explanation for Pay-off Asymmetries among Collaborating Animals |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
| Volume |
87 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
97-118 |
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| Abstract |
Abstract * 1Animals can derive leverage over others from (a) resource holding power, based for instance on fighting ability or dominance, and (b) the possession of commodities, such as special skills and resources that cannot be taken away by force. * 2We contend that power based on the possession of commodities strongly depends on the level of supply and demand for that commodity, a phenomenon we call the ‘market effect’. * 3Several theoretical and empirical examples are given of social systems in which animals belong to two distinct classes that offer two different kinds of commodities. * 4The relative frequency of occurrence of the two classes is shown to determine the relative power of their members. * 5We consider the theoretical properties of bargaining processes by which relative power is converted into corresponding pay-off distributions. * 6We propose coalition games, a class of games with more than two players and in which bargaining is possible, as suitable paradigms for collaboration among members of social units. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5413 |
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| Author |
Clucas, B.; Marzluff, J.M.; Mackovjak, D.; Palmquist, I. |
| Title |
Do American Crows Pay Attention to Human Gaze and Facial Expressions? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
| Volume |
119 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
296-302 |
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| Abstract |
Interactions between species can lead to the evolution of interspecific communication. Non-verbal communication by humans, both intentional and unintentional, can be interpreted by other species. We tested whether American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) were sensitive to human facial features under field conditions by comparing flight initiation distances and urgency of escape behavior to human approaches varying in eye contact and facial expression. We first examined whether crows distinguish between an approaching human who is directly gazing at them and a human approaching them with an averted gaze. In a second experiment, we tested whether crows differentiate a smiling from scowling human approaching them with direct or averted gaze. In the first experiment, we found that crows fled sooner and more urgently when humans were directly gazing at them. Similarly, in the second experiment, crows responded sooner to a direct vs. averted gaze; however, they did not react differently to varying human facial expressions. We suggest that crows use human gaze as a reliable visual cue compared with facial expressions when making decisions about responding to approaching humans. This is the first study to show that a wild corvid species changes its behavior based on human gaze, possibly representing an adaptation to living in human-dominated urban areas and suggesting crows might perceive human intention by this visual cue. |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5670 |
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Briard, L.; Dorn, C.; Petit, O. |
| Title |
Personality and Affinities Play a Key Role in the Organisation of Collective Movements in a Group of Domestic Horses |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
| Volume |
121 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
888-902 |
| Keywords |
decision-making; equids; hierarchy; leadership; social network |
| Abstract |
Understanding how groups of individuals with different motives come to daily decisions about the exploitation of their environment is a key question in animal behaviour. While interindividual differences are often seen only as a threat to group cohesion, growing evidence shows that they may to some extent facilitate effective collective action. Recent studies suggest that personality differences influence how individuals are attracted to conspecifics and affect their behaviour as an initiator or a follower. However, most of the existing studies are limited to a few taxa, mainly social fish and arthropods. Horses are social herbivores that live in long-lasting groups and show identifiable personality differences between individuals. We studied a group of 38 individuals living in a 30-ha hilly pasture. Over 200 h, we sought to identify how far individual differences such as personality and affinity distribution affect the dynamic of their collective movements. First, we report that individuals distribute their relationships according to similar personality and hierarchical rank. This is the first study that demonstrates a positive assortment between unrelated individuals according to personality in a mammal species. Second, we measured individual propensity to initiate and found that bold individuals initiated more often than shy individuals. However, their success in terms of number of followers and joining duration did not depend on their individual characteristics. Moreover, joining process is influenced by social network, with preferred partners following each other and bolder individuals being located more often at the front of the movement. Our results illustrate the importance of taking into account interindividual behavioural differences in studies of social behaviours. |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6153 |
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Baragli, P.; Paoletti, E.; Vitale, V.; Sighieri, C. |
| Title |
Looking in the correct location for a hidden object: brief note about the memory of donkeys (Equus asinus) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Ethology Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology Ecology & Evolution |
| Volume |
23 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
187-192 |
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In recent years, considerable literature has been published on cognition in horses; however, much less is known about the cognitive abilities of domestic donkey (Equus asinus). This study aimed to expand our knowledge of donkey cognition by assessing their short-term memory capacity. We employed a detour problem combined with the classic delayed-response task, which has been extensively used to compare working memory duration in a variety of different species. A two-point choice apparatus was used to investigate location recall and search behaviour for a food target, after a short delay following its disappearance. Four donkeys completed the task with a 10 sec delay, while four others were tested with a 30 sec delay. Overall, each group performed above chance level on the test, showing that subjects had successfully encoded, maintained, and retrieved the existence and location of the target despite the loss of visual contact. |
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Taylor & Francis |
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0394-9370 |
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doi: 10.1080/03949370.2011.554885 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6177 |
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| Author |
Rutberg, A.T. |
| Title |
Horse Fly Harassment and the Social Behavior of Feral Ponies |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
| Volume |
75 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
145-154 |
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Abstract Horse flies (Tabanidae) on and around feral ponies in harem groups were counted at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland, U.S.A., between June and August 1985. Harem stallions attracted the most flies; adult mares showed intermediate fly numbers, while few flies landed on foals under any circumstances. The use of thermal and chemical cues by flies selecting a host may have helped create this disparity. When flies were abundant, ponies reduced spacing within the group. Ponies in larger groups suffered from fewer flies than ponies in smaller groups. There was, however, no evidence that ponies merged into larger groups in response to fly harassment, suggesting that biting flies play little role in structuring pony social organization. |
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Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111) |
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0179-1613 |
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doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00648.x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6417 |
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Meriggi, A.; Dagradi, V.; Dondina, O.; Perversi, M.; Milanesi, P.; Lombardini, M.; Raviglione, S.; Repossi, A. |
| Title |
Short-term responses of wolf feeding habits to changes of wild and domestic ungulate abundance in Northern Italy |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
Publication |
Ethology Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology Ecology & Evolution |
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27 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
389-411 |
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Taylor & Francis |
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0394-9370 |
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doi: 10.1080/03949370.2014.986768 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6688 |
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| Author |
Giada Cordoni; Elisabetta Palagi |
| Title |
Reconciliation in Wolves (Canis lupus) – New Evidence for a Comparative Perspective |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
| Volume |
114 |
Issue |
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Pages |
298 - 308 |
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Social animals gain benefits from cooperative behaviours. However, social systems also imply competition and conflict of interest. To cope with dispersal forces, group-living animals use several peace-keeping tactics, which have been deeply investigated in primates. Other taxa, however, have been often neglected in this field research. Wolves (Canis lupus) with their high sociality and cooperative behaviour may be a good model species to investigate the reconciliation process. In this study, we provide the first evidence for the occurrence of reconciliation in a group of zoo-kept wolves. The conciliatory contacts were uniformly distributed across the different sex-class combinations. We found a linear dominance hierarchy in the colony under study, although the hierarchical relationships did not seem to affect the reconciliation dynamics. Moreover, both aggressors and victims initiated first post-conflict affinitive contact with comparable rates and both high- and low-intensity conflicts were reconciled with similar percentages. Finally, we found that coalitionary support may be a good predictor for high level of conciliatory contacts in this species. |
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Centro Interdipartimentale Museo di Storia Naturale e del Territorio, Universit di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Giardino Zoologico di Pistoia, Pistoia, Italy DOI – 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01474.x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4937 |
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Fedurek, P.; Dunbar, R. I. M. |
| Title |
What Does Mutual Grooming Tell Us About Why Chimpanzees Groom? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
| Volume |
115 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
566 - 575 |
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Grooming might be a resource that is offered in exchange for some benefit (e.g. access to a feeding site or coalitionary support) or it might be a mechanism for building and servicing social relationships, whose function, in turn, is to facilitate the exchange of resources and services. Bi-directional (or simultaneous mutual) grooming is unusually common among chimpanzees (though rare in other primates) and we suggest that this might be because it is an especially strong indicator of social bonding. Because the bonding role of bi-directional grooming offers substantially different predictions from the interpretation offered by the models based on reciprocal altruism (RA), we use a critical tests methodology (i.e. tests that unequivocally support one hypothesis at the expense of the other) to differentiate between the bonding and RA hypotheses. We use data on the dynamics of grooming interactions from a captive group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to show that dominant individuals tolerated the individuals with whom they performed bi-directional grooming more than they did those who typically provided them unidirectional grooming. Dominants rejected and terminated grooming sessions more often with the individuals who provided them with mostly unidirectional grooming than with those with whom they groomed bi-directionally. In addition, animals engaged in bi-directional grooming more often with both relatives and those with whom they were often in proximity. These results support the bonding model of mutually reciprocated grooming at the expense of the RA model, and suggest that, at least in chimpanzees, simultaneous mutual grooming may play a particularly important role in social bonding. |
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School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Institute of Cognitive & Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK DOI – 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01637.x |
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© 2009 Blackwell Verlag GmbH |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4941 |
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John L. Orrock; Brent J. Danielson |
| Title |
Temperature and Cloud Cover, but Not Predator Urine, Affect Winter Foraging of Mice |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Ethology |
| Volume |
115 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
641 - 648 |
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Although homeotherms likely experience costs of both predation risk and thermoregulation while foraging, it is unclear how foragers contend with these costs. We used foraging trays placed in sheltered microsites to determine whether temperature, a direct cue of predator presence (predator urine) and an indirect cue of predation risk (cloudy nights) affect foraging of white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, in winter. Mice were presented with urine from bobcats, Lynx rufus, red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, and coyotes, Canis latrans, an herbivore (whitetailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus), and a water control. To measure rodent foraging, we used seeds of millet mixed with sand to quantify giving-up densities (the number of seeds left in each foraging tray). Giving-up density was not affected by predator urine. Rather, rodent foraging was affected by an interaction of temperature and weather. On overcast nights, when predation risk was likely lower, mice foraged more when soil temperature was higher, presumably reducing thermoregulatory costs. On clear nights, foraging was low regardless of soil temperature, presumably because foraging was more risky. These results suggest that mice consider thermoregulatory costs and predation risk when making foraging decisions, and that the indirect cue afforded by weather, rather than the direct cue of predator urine, is among the cues used to make foraging decisions. Moreover, these results suggest that sensitivity to a particular cue is likely to be context-dependent. |
| Address |
Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA DOI – 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01654.x |
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© 2009 Blackwell Verlag GmbH |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4948 |
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| Author |
Amandine Ramseyer; Bernard Thierry; Alain Boissy; Bertrand Dumont |
| Title |
Decision-making Processes in Group Departures of Cattle |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
| Volume |
115 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
948-957 |
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To keep social cohesiveness, group-living animals have to reach consensus decisions through recruitment processes. This implies that decision-making depends on the behaviours and social relationships of several group members at different stages of movements. We tested these assumptions in a group of fifteen 18-mo-old Charolais heifers (Bos taurus) at pasture, in which two observers continuously videotaped social interactions and group departures after resting periods. These departures were preceded by a phase of preparation characterized by an increase in activity. The number of heifers participating to a movement increased with the number of group members oriented in the direction of the movement before departure. The first moving animal also recruited a higher number of mates when it had a greater number of close neighbours, the first individuals to follow being mainly its preferential partners. Coercive interactions such as pressing behaviours were observed within the 5 min preceding or following departure. After departure, the numbers of walks and restarts of the first two movers were still operative in recruiting others. The frequency of pauses of the first mover was significantly higher when it was not followed, meaning that it adjusted its behaviour to that of other group members. Decision-making was distributed among group members, with any individual being liable to move first. The behaviour of cows and their spatial distribution before departure, at departure and after departure significantly affected the number of participants in the movement, demonstrating that decision-making was time-distributed in the studied cattle group. |
| Address |
INRA, UR 1213 Herbivores, Saint-Gens-Champanelle, France; Dpartement Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, IPHC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France |
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© 2009 Blackwell Verlag GmbH |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4992 |
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