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| Author |
Dingemanse, N.J.; Both, C.; Drent, P.J.; van Oers, K.; van Noordwijk, A.J. |
| Title |
Repeatability and heritability of exploratory behaviour in great tits from the wild |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
64 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages  |
929-938 |
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| Abstract |
We investigated whether individual great tits, Parus major, vary consistently in their exploratory behaviour in a novel environment and measured the repeatability and heritability of this trait. Wild birds were caught in their natural habitat, tested in the laboratory in an open field test on the following morning, then released at the capture site. We measured individual consistency of exploratory behaviour for recaptured individuals (repeatability) and estimated the heritability with parent-offspring regressions and sibling analyses. Measures of exploratory behaviour of individuals at repeated captures were consistent in both sexes and study areas (repeatabilities ranged from 0.27 to 0.48). Exploration scores did not differ between the sexes, and were unrelated to age, condition at fledging or condition during measurement. Heritability estimates were 0.22-0.41 (parent-offspring regressions) and 0.37-0.40 (sibling analyses). We conclude that (1) consistent individual variation in open field behaviour exists in individuals from the wild, and (2) this behavioural variation is heritable. This is one of the first studies showing heritable variation in a behavioural trait in animals from the wild, and poses the question of how this variation is maintained under natural conditions. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5389 |
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| Author |
Coleman, K.; Wilson, D.S. |
| Title |
Shyness and boldness in pumpkinseed sunfish: individual differences are context-specific |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
56 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
927-936 |
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Natural selection often promotes a mix of behavioural phenotypes in a population. Adaptive variation in the propensity to take risks might explain individual differences in shyness and boldness in humans and other species. It is often implicitly assumed that shyness and boldness are general personality traits expressed across many situations. From the evolutionary standpoint, however, individual differences that are adaptive in one context (e.g. predator defence) may not be adaptive in other contexts (e.g. exploration of the physical environment or intraspecific social interactions). We measured the context specificity of shyness and boldness in a natural population of juvenile pumpkinseed sunfish,Lepomis gibbosus, by exposing the fish to a potentially threatening stimulus (a red-tipped metrestick extended towards the individual) and a nonthreatening stimulus (a novel food source). We also related these measures of shyness and boldness to behaviours observed during focal observations, both before and after the introduction of a predator (largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides). Consistent individual differences were found within both contexts, but individual differences did not correlate across contexts. Furthermore, fish that were scored as intermediate in their response to the metrestick behaved most boldly as foragers and in response to the bass predators. These results suggest that shyness and boldness are context-specific and may not exist as a one-dimensional behavioural continuum even within a single context. |
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2094 |
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Kacelnik, A. |
| Title |
Information primacy or preference for familiar foraging techniques? A critique of Inglis & Ferguson |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
35 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
925-926 |
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2121 |
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Janson, C.H. |
| Title |
Ecological consequences of individual spatial choice in foraging groups of brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
40 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
922-934 |
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Individuals in a foraging group of brown capuchin monkeys choose different spatial positions relative to the rest of the group. An individual's choice of spatial positiion affects its foraging success and perceived predation risk (as measured by vigilance behaviour). The two most dominant group members preferred to forage where their expected forwaging success was greatest. Juveniles chose to forage where their perceived predation risk was least, not where they would achieve the highest foraging success. The positions used by non-dominant adults neither maximized foraging success nor minimized predation risk. It is likely that subordinate adults accept spatial positions with suboptimal ecological consequences to avoid the costs of frequent confrontations with the dominant members of the group over foraging sites in poreferred positions. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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774 |
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Syme, G.J.; Syme, L.A. |
| Title |
The concept of spatial leadership in farm animals: An experiment with sheep |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1975 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
23 |
Issue |
Part 4 |
Pages |
921-925 |
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The concept of spatial leadership as applied to farm animals is discussed with particular emphasis on methodological problems. Using three experimental procedures forced spatial leadership orders were measured in a group of Romney ewes. Comparisons between orders showed the effects of both the different experimental tasks and the social context on leadership structure. Both these variables were found to affect the orders obtained. The results are interpreted in terms of the utility of the concept of spatial leadership in domestic animals and the necessity for more systematic procedural investigations in this area. |
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2039 |
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Richards, S.M. |
| Title |
The concept of dominance and methods of assessment |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
22 |
Issue |
Part 4 |
Pages |
914-930 |
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The arrangement of a social group of individuals into a dominance hierarchy is useful in studies of social behaviour only if a wide variety of social interactions can then be predicted. However, definitions of dominance commonly used are numerous and confused. To assess the usefulness of the concept of dominance, studies were made on six breeding groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulata) to determine whether different measures of dominance agreed with each other. The measures tested in this study were found to agree. It is therefore suggested that dominance is a useful intervening variable. Possible reasons for the reported lack of correlation between some measures used by other authors are discussed. |
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2154 |
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| Author |
Janson, C.H. |
| Title |
Social correlates of individual spatial choice in foraging groups of brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
40 |
Issue |
5 |
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910-921 |
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Individuals in a foraging group of wild bronwn capuchin monkeys choose different spatial positions relative to the rest of the group. Markov analysis of sequencess of individual spatial positions demonstrated significant differnces between individuals, which coul be categorized a posteriori into four homogenous subgroups. An individual's spatial position was related primarily to the amount of aggression it received from the group's dominant male, but also varied with its sex. Spatial choice varied with changes in an individual's social status, but did not vary consistently with seasonal differences in food availability. These results support the hypothesis that individuals compete for preferred spatial positions within a foraging group. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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773 |
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Heyes CM |
| Title |
Reflections on self-recognition in primates |
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Journal Article |
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1994 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
47 |
Issue |
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909 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3005 |
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Lingle, S.; Rendall, D.; Wilson, W.F.; DeYoung, R.W.; Pellis, S.M. |
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Altruism and recognition in the antipredator defence of deer: 2. Why mule deer help nonoffspring fawns |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
73 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
907-916 |
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aggressive defence; altruism; behavioural discrimination; cooperation; motivational constraint; mule deer; Odocoileus hemionus; Odocoileus virginianus; recognition error; white-tailed deer |
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Both white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, and mule deer, O. hemionus, females defend fawns against coyotes, Canis latrans, but only mule deer defend nonoffspring conspecific and heterospecific fawns. During a predator attack, females may have to decide whether to defend a fawn while having imperfect information on its identity obtained from hearing a few distress calls. Although imperfect recognition can influence altruistic behaviour, few empirical studies have considered this point when testing functional explanations for altruism. We designed a series of playback experiments with fawn distress calls to test alternative hypotheses (by-product of parental care, kin selection, reciprocal altruism) for the mule deer's defence of nonoffspring, specifically allowing for the possibility that females mistake these fawns for their own. White-tailed deer females approached the speaker only when distress calls of white-tailed deer fawns were played and when their own fawn was hidden, suggesting that fawn defence was strictly a matter of parental care in this species. In contrast, mule deer females responded similarly and strongly, regardless of the caller's identity, the female's reproductive state (mother or nonmother) or the presence of their own offspring. The failure of mule deer females to adjust their responses to these conditions suggests that they do not defend nonoffspring because they mistake them for their own fawns. The lack of behavioural discrimination also suggests that kin selection, reciprocal altruism and defence of the offspring's area are unlikely to explain the mule deer's defence of nonoffspring. We identify causal and functional questions that still need to be addressed to understand why mule deer defend fawns so indiscriminately. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4211 |
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Hsu, Y.; Wolf, L.L. |
| Title |
The winner and loser effect: integrating multiple experiences |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
57 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
903-910 |
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An important question in state-dependent behaviour is how multiple influences on state are integrated to determine current behaviour. Aggressive behaviour is known to be affected by a prior contest experience. Nevertheless, whether and how multiple prior fighting experiences are integrated into a fighting decision remain unexplored. In this study, individuals ofRivulus marmoratus(Cyprinodontidae), a hermaphroditic fish, were given different combinations of two prior fighting experiences to investigate: (1) the effect of penultimate experiences on the probability of winning a subsequent contest; (2) the relative effect of a recent win and loss; and (3) whether the effect of a winning experience was as short lived as observed in other species. Penultimate and recent fighting experiences were given to the test fish approximately 48 and 24 h prior to the dyadic contests, respectively. From the results of the five types of contests staged, we conclude that: (1) penultimate fighting experiences had a significant effect on the probability of winning a subsequent contest; (2) a more recent experience had a more pronounced effect than an earlier experience, which suggested that the effect of a fighting experience would decay and/or the effect of a recent experience would interfere with the effect of an earlier experience; (3) no asymmetric effect between a winning experience and a losing experience was detected; and (4) the effect of both a winning and a losing experience lasted for at least 48 h inR. marmoratuswhich was the maximum time tested in these experiments. The possible reasons for the differences in results among studies of experience effects on contest outcomes are discussed. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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