| Records |
| Author |
Fehr, E.; Gachter, S. |
| Title |
Altruistic punishment in humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year  |
2002 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
415 |
Issue |
6868 |
Pages |
137-140 |
| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment. |
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| ISSN |
0028-0836 |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4835 |
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| Author |
Whiten, A.; McGrew, W.C. |
| Title |
Is this the first portrayal of tool use by a chimp? |
Type |
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| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
409 |
Issue |
6816 |
Pages |
12 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Philately |
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English |
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0028-0836 |
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| Notes |
PMID:11343083 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
739 |
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| Author |
Wilson, A.M.; McGuigan, M.P.; Su, A.; van Den Bogert, A.J. |
| Title |
Horses damp the spring in their step |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
414 |
Issue |
6866 |
Pages |
895-899 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Biomechanics; Elasticity; Forelimb; Gait; Horses/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Leg Bones/*physiology; Locomotion; Models, Biological; Muscle Fibers/physiology; Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Tendons/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Vibration |
| Abstract |
The muscular work of galloping in horses is halved by storing and returning elastic strain energy in spring-like muscle-tendon units.These make the legs act like a child's pogo stick that is tuned to stretch and recoil at 2.5 strides per second. This mechanism is optimized by unique musculoskeletal adaptations: the digital flexor muscles have extremely short fibres and significant passive properties, whereas the tendons are very long and span several joints. Length change occurs by a stretching of the spring-like digital flexor tendons rather than through energetically expensive length changes in the muscle. Despite being apparently redundant for such a mechanism, the muscle fibres in the digital flexors are well developed. Here we show that the mechanical arrangement of the elastic leg permits it to vibrate at a higher frequency of 30-40 Hz that could cause fatigue damage to tendon and bone. Furthermore, we show that the digital flexor muscles have minimal ability to contribute to or regulate significantly the 2.5-Hz cycle of movement, but are ideally arranged to damp these high-frequency oscillations in the limb. |
| Address |
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK. awilson@rvc.ac.uk |
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English |
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0028-0836 |
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| Notes |
PMID:11780059 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2300 |
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| Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Berger, M.L. |
| Title |
Payment for labour in monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
404 |
Issue |
6778 |
Pages |
563 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Cebus/*physiology; *Cooperative Behavior; Evolution; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Reward |
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| Address |
Living Links, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. dewaal@emory.edu |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:10766228 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
190 |
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| Author |
Foster, K.R.; Ratnieks, F.L.W. |
| Title |
Social insects: Facultative worker policing in a wasp |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
407 |
Issue |
6805 |
Pages |
692-693 |
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| Abstract |
Kin-selection theory predicts that in social-insect colonies where the queen has mated multiple times, the workers will enforce cooperation by policing each other's reproduction1, 2, 3, 4. We have discovered a species, the wasp Dolichovespula saxonica, in which some queens mate once and others mate many times, and in which workers frequently attempt reproduction, allowing this prediction to be tested directly. We find that multiple mating by the queen leads to mutual policing by workers, whereas single mating does not. |
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Macmillan Magazines Ltd. |
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0028-0836 |
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| Notes |
10.1038/35037665 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4940 |
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| Author |
Parr, L.A.; de Waal, F.B. |
| Title |
Visual kin recognition in chimpanzees |
Type |
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| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
647-648 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Face; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
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0028-0836 |
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| Notes |
PMID:10385114 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
195 |
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| Author |
de Waal, F.B. |
| Title |
Cultural primatology comes of age |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
635-636 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
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English |
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0028-0836 |
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| Notes |
PMID:10385107 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
196 |
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| Author |
Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W.C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C.E.; Wrangham, R.W.; Boesch, C. |
| Title |
Cultures in chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
682-685 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Species Specificity |
| Abstract |
As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures but previously unrecognised in non-human species. |
| Address |
Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK |
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English |
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0028-0836 |
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| Notes |
PMID:10385119 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
742 |
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| Author |
Clayton, N.S.; Dickinson, A. |
| Title |
Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
395 |
Issue |
6699 |
Pages |
272-274 |
| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
The recollection of past experiences allows us to recall what a particular event was, and where and when it occurred1,2, a form of memory that is thought to be unique to humans3. It is known, however, that food-storing birds remember the spatial location4, 5, 6 and contents6, 7, 8, 9 of their caches. Furthermore, food-storing animals adapt their caching and recovery strategies to the perishability of food stores10, 11, 12, 13, which suggests that they are sensitive to temporal factors. Here we show that scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) remember 'when' food items are stored by allowing them to recover perishable 'wax worms' (wax-moth larvae) and non-perishable peanuts which they had previously cached in visuospatially distinct sites. Jays searched preferentially for fresh wax worms, their favoured food, when allowed to recover them shortly after caching. However, they rapidly learned to avoid searching for worms after a longer interval during which the worms had decayed. The recovery preference of jays demonstrates memory of where and when particular food items were cached, thereby fulfilling the behavioural criteria for episodic-like memory in non-human animals. |
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0028-0836 |
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| Notes |
10.1038/26216 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4788 |
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| Author |
Watts, D.J.; Strogatz, S.H. |
| Title |
Collective dynamics of /`small-world/' networks |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
393 |
Issue |
6684 |
Pages |
440-442 |
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| Abstract |
Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators Josephson junction arrays excitable media, neural networks spatial games11, genetic control networks12 and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation). The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices. |
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0028-0836 |
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| Notes |
10.1038/30918 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4989 |
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