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Author |
Silk, J.; Cheney, D.; Seyfarth, R. |
Title |
A practical guide to the study of social relationships |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Anthropol. |
Volume |
22 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
213-225 |
Keywords |
observational methods; behavioral analysis; methods; dyadic relationships; social bonds |
Abstract |
Behavioral ecologists have devoted considerable effort to identifying the sources of variation in individual reproductive success. Much of this work has focused on the characteristics of individuals, such as their sex and rank. However, many animals live in stable social groups and the fitness of individuals depends at least in part on the outcome of their interactions with other group members. For example, in many primate species, high dominance rank enhances access to resources and reproductive success. The ability to acquire and maintain high rank often depends on the availability and effectiveness of coalitionary support. Allies may be cultivated and coalitions may be reinforced by affiliative interactions such as grooming, food sharing, and tolerance. These findings suggest that if we want to understand the selective pressures that shape the social behavior of primates, it will be profitable to broaden our focus from the characteristics of individuals to the properties of the relationships that they form with others. The goal of this paper is to discuss a set of methods that can be used to quantify the properties of social relationships. |
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1520-6505 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5748 |
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Hopper, L.M.; Price, S.A.; Freeman, H.D.; Lambeth, S.P.; Schapiro, S.J.; Kendal, R.L. |
Title |
Influence of personality, age, sex, and estrous state on chimpanzee problem-solving success |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume |
17 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
835-847 |
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Abstract |
Despite the importance of individual problem solvers for group- and individual-level fitness, the correlates of individual problem-solving success are still an open topic of investigation. In addition to demographic factors, such as age or sex, certain personality dimensions have also been revealed as reliable correlates of problem-solving by animals. Such correlates, however, have been little-studied in chimpanzees. To empirically test the influence of age, sex, estrous state, and different personality factors on chimpanzee problem-solving, we individually tested 36 captive chimpanzees with two novel foraging puzzles. We included both female (N = 24) and male (N = 12) adult chimpanzees (aged 14–47 years) in our sample. We also controlled for the females’ estrous state—a potential influence on cognitive reasoning—by testing cycling females both when their sexual swelling was maximally tumescent (associated with the luteinizing hormone surge of a female’s estrous cycle) and again when it was detumescent. Although we found no correlation between the chimpanzees’ success with either puzzle and their age or sex, the chimpanzees’ personality ratings did correlate with responses to the novel foraging puzzles. Specifically, male chimpanzees that were rated highly on the factors Methodical, Openness (to experience), and Dominance spent longer interacting with the puzzles. There was also a positive relationship between the latency of females to begin interacting with the two tasks and their rating on the factor Reactivity/Undependability. No other significant correlations were found, but we report tentative evidence for increased problem-solving success by the females when they had detumescent estrous swellings. |
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1435-9456 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Hopper2013 |
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5932 |
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Rozempolska-Ruciń ska, Iwona; Trojan, Maciej; Kosik, Elż bieta; Próchniak, Tomasz; Górecka-Bruzda, Aleksandra |
Title |
How “natural” training methods can affect equine mental state? A critical approach -- a review |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Animal Science Papers & Reports |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
185 |
Keywords |
HORSES -- Training; HORSEMANSHIP; HUMAN-animal relationships; LEARNING in animals; ANIMAL psychology; ANIMAL intelligence; ANIMAL welfare |
Abstract |
Among equestrians the “natural” training methods of horses are gaining widespread popularity due to their spectacular efficiency. Underlying philosophy of trainers – founders of different “natural horsemanship training” (NHT) schools, along with other not well documented statements includes argumentation of solely welfare- and human-friendly effects of NHT in the horse. The aim of this review was to screen scientific papers related to NHT to answer the question whether „natural“ training methods may actually exert only positive effects upon equine mental state and human-horse relationship. It appears that NHT trainers may reduce stress and emotional tension and improve learning processes as they appropriately apply learning stimuli. Basing on revised literature it can be concluded that training is successful provided that [i] the strength of the aversive stimulus meets sensitivity of an individual horse, [ii] the aversive stimulus is terminated at a right moment to avoid the impression of punishment, and [iii] the animal is given enough time to assess its situation and make an independent decision in the form of adequate behavioural reaction. Neglecting any of these conditions may lead to substantial emotional problems, hyperactivity, or excessive fear in the horse-human relationship, regardless of the training method. However, we admit that the most successful NHT trainers reduce aversive stimulation to the minimum and that horses learn quicker with fear or stress reactions, apparently decreasing along with training process. Anyway, NHT should be acknowledged for absolutely positive role in pointing out the importance of proper stimulation in the schooling and welfare of horses. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5726 |
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Wolter, R.; Pantel, N.; Möstl, E.; Krueger, K. |
Title |
Die Rolle des Alpha-Hengstes in einer Przewalski Bachelor-Gruppe beim Erkunden einer neuen Fläche in einem Semi-Reservat |
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Conference Article |
Year |
2013 |
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Göttinger Pferdetage'13 |
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66 |
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978-3-88542-782-7 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5946 |
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Fuchs, K.; Götz, K.; Manschel, K.; Pohl, L.; Preisendanz, L.; Weil, S.; Weiß, V.; Wittum, J.; Krueger, K. |
Title |
Vergleich der Interaktionen von Pferden in Boxenhaltung mit Weidegang und Pferden in Offenstallhaltung |
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Conference Article |
Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Göttinger Pferdetage’13 |
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Issue |
13 |
Pages |
65 |
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978-3-88542-782-7 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5948 |
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Ruess, M.; Schmelz, A.; Krueger, K. |
Title |
Einfluss vitomechanischer Schwingungen auf das Muskuloskeletalsystem der Pferde |
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Conference Article |
Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Göttinger Pferdetage’13 |
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Issue |
13 |
Pages |
111 |
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978-3-88542-782-7 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5949 |
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Waldern, N.M.; Wiestner, T.; Ramseier, L.C.; Amport, C.; Weishaupt, M.A. |
Title |
Effects of shoeing on limb movement and ground reaction forces in Icelandic horses at walk, tölt and trot |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2013 |
Publication |
The Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet. J. |
Volume |
198, Supplement 1 |
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e103-e108 |
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Icelandic horse; Gait analysis; Ground reaction force; Kinematics; Shoeing; Tölt |
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Abstract Tölt is a symmetric four-beat gait with a speed range extending into that of trot and canter. Specific shoeing methods, such as unnaturally high and long hooves, are used to enforce individual gait predisposition. The aim of this study was to assess the consequences of this shoeing style on loading and movement of the limbs at walk, tölt and trot, and at different velocities. Simultaneous kinetic and kinematic gait analysis was carried out at walk (1.4 m/s) and at two tölting and trotting speeds (3.3 m/s and 3.9 m/s) on an instrumented treadmill. Thirteen sound Icelandic horses were first measured with high, long front hooves (SH) and, 1 week later, after trimming the hooves according to standard shoeing principles (SN). Comparing SH with SN, front hooves had 21 ± 5 mm longer dorsal hoof walls, and the shoeing material per hoof was 273 ± 50 g heavier. In all three gaits, gait quality, as it is currently judged, was improved with SH due to a lower stride rate, a longer stride length and a higher, but not wider, forelimb protraction arc, which were also positively associated with speed. Forelimb–hind limb balance remained unchanged, but limb impulses were higher. Apart from an increase of ⩽2.2% in the forelimbs at the faster speed of both tölt and trot, SH had little influence on vertical peak forces. |
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1090-0233 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5912 |
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Lerbs, S.; Raue, T.; Krueger, K |
Title |
Untersuchung der natürlichen Schiefe der Fohlen in Abhängigkeit zur sensorischen und motorischen Lateralität, sowie zur Seitenpräferenz beim Saugen |
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Conference Article |
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2013 |
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Göttinger Pferdetage’13 |
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13 |
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978-3-88542-782-7 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5950 |
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Author |
Krueger, K.; Lerbs, S. |
Title |
Die Schiefe, und die motorische sowie sensorische Lateralität des Pferdes |
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Conference Article |
Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Jahrestagung der DVG, Fachgruppe: Tierschutz & Ethologie und Tierhaltung Umwelt und Tierhygiene |
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ISBN 978-3-86345-177-6 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5951 |
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Kampmann, S.; Hampson, B.A.; Pollitt, C.C. |
Title |
Population dynamics of feral horses (Equus caballus) following above-average rainfall in a semi-arid environment of Australia |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Australian Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Aust Vet J |
Volume |
91 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
482-487 |
Keywords |
animal welfare; ecology; horses; reproduction; wildlife |
Abstract |
Background Recent record rainfall in much of semi-arid Central Australia is the most likely reason for a feral horse population increase in excess of normal. Uncontrolled numbers of feral horses have habitat degradation and animal welfare implications. Objectives The aims of this study were to investigate the social structure of feral horses and assess their population growth rate following unseasonably high rainfall. Methods The study area was 4000 km2 of unmanaged, semi-arid country in Central Australia (latitude 24.50°S, longitude 132.10°E). Horses were identified by descriptive features from ground searches, movement-activated cameras and ‘hides’ positioned at key water holes. Wherever possible, sex and age categories were documented. Population growth rate was estimated by the number of foals divided by the number of horses older than 1 year in the observed population. Results A total of 1424 horses were identified and categorised, of which 335 were foals born within the current year. Only 123 juveniles were identified. Of the adult horses, 53.4% were male and 46.6% were female and this differed from parity (P = 0.04). Of the mares, 71.9% had a foal at foot and the population growth rate was 29.5%. Conclusions With a sustained population growth rate of 29.5%, this population of feral horses will more than double within 3 years. The high population increase will likely have a detrimental effect on native fauna and flora and the fragile, semi-arid ecosystems of Central Australia. After a period of high rainfall and plentiful resources, ‘normal’ drought conditions will return and many feral horses will starve and die as they compete for limited resources. |
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1751-0813 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5747 |
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