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| Author |
Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Temporal discrimination learning by pigeons |
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Journal Article |
Year  |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
74 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
286-292 |
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| Abstract |
Memory for time by animals appears to undergo a systematic shortening. This so-called choose-short effect can be seen in a conditional temporal discrimination when a delay is inserted between the sample and comparison stimuli. We have proposed that this temporal shortening may result from a procedural artifact in which the delay appears similar to the intertrial interval and thus, produces an inadvertent ambiguity or 'instructional failure'. When this ambiguity is avoided by distinguishing the intertrial interval from the delay, as well as the samples from the delay, the temporal shortening effect and other asymmetries often disappear. By avoiding artifacts that can lead to a misinterpretation of results, we may understand better how animals represent time. An alternative procedure for studying temporal discriminations is with the psychophysical bisection procedure in which following conditional discrimination training, intermediate durations are presented and the point of subjective equality is determined. Research using the bisection procedure has shown that pigeons represent temporal durations not only as their absolute value but also relative to durations from which they must be discriminated. Using this procedure, we have also found that time passes subjectively slower when animals are required to respond to the to-be-timed stimulus. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States. zentall@uky.edu |
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English |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:17110057 |
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216 |
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| Author |
Hall, C. |
| Title |
The impact of visual perception on equine learning |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
76 |
Issue |
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Pages |
29-33 |
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619 |
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Ninomiya, S. |
| Title |
Social leaning and stereotypy in horses |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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76 |
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22-23 |
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620 |
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Leblanc, M.-A.; Duncan, P. |
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Can studies of cognitive abilities and of life in the wild really help us to understand equine learning? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
76 |
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49-52 |
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621 |
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| Author |
McCall, C.A. |
| Title |
Making equine learning research applicable to training procedures |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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76 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
27-28 |
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623 |
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| Author |
Sigurjónsdóttir , H. |
| Title |
Equine learning behaviour: The importance of evolutionary and ecological approach in research |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
76 |
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40-42 |
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624 |
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| Author |
Krueger, K.; Flauger, B. |
| Title |
Social learning in horses from a novel perspective |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
76 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
37-39 |
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625 |
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| Author |
Heitor, F.; Vicente, L. |
| Title |
Learning about horses: What is equine learning all about? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
76 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
34-36 |
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no |
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627 |
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| Author |
Houpt, K.A. |
| Title |
Imprinting training and conditioned taste aversion |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
76 |
Issue |
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14-16 |
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no |
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628 |
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| Author |
Murphy, J.; Arkins, S. |
| Title |
Equine learning behaviour |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
76 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-13 |
| Keywords |
Horse; Behaviour; Learning; Processes; Memory |
| Abstract |
Scientists and equestrians continually seek to achieve a clearer understanding of equine learning behaviour and its implications for training. Behavioural and learning processes in the horse are likely to influence not only equine athletic success but also the usefulness of the horse as a domesticated species. However given the status and commercial importance of the animal, equine learning behaviour has received only limited investigation. Indeed most experimental studies on equine cognitive function to date have addressed behaviour, learning and conceptualisation processes at a moderately basic cognitive level compared to studies in other species. It is however, likely that the horses with the greatest ability to learn and form/understand concepts are those, which are better equipped to succeed in terms of the human-horse relationship and the contemporary training environment. Within equitation generally, interpretation of the behavioural processes and training of the desired responses in the horse are normally attempted using negative reinforcement strategies. On the other hand, experimental designs to actually induce and/or measure equine learning rely almost exclusively on primary positive reinforcement regimes. Employing two such different approaches may complicate interpretation and lead to difficulties in identifying problematic or undesirable behaviours in the horse. The visual system provides the horse with direct access to immediate environmental stimuli that affect behaviour but vision in the horse is of yet not fully investigated or understood. Further investigations of the equine visual system will benefit our understanding of equine perception, cognitive function and the subsequent link with learning and training. More detailed comparative investigations of feral or free-ranging and domestic horses may provide useful evidence of attention, stress and motivational issues affecting behavioural and learning processes in the horse. The challenge for scientists is, as always, to design and commission experiments that will investigate and provide insight into these processes in a manner that withstands scientific scrutiny. |
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629 |
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