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| Author | Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. | ||||
| Title | Social cognition | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year  |
2015 | Publication | Animal Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 103 | Issue | Pages | 191-202 | |
| Keywords | evolution; fitness; future research; personality; selective pressure; skill; social cognition | ||||
| Abstract | The social intelligence hypothesis argues that competition and cooperation among individuals have shaped the evolution of cognition in animals. What do we mean by social cognition? Here we suggest that the building blocks of social cognition are a suite of skills, ordered roughly according to the cognitive demands they place upon individuals. These skills allow an animal to recognize others by various means; to recognize and remember other animals' relationships; and, perhaps, to attribute mental states to them. Some skills are elementary and virtually ubiquitous in the animal kingdom; others are more limited in their taxonomic distribution. We treat these skills as the targets of selection, and assume that more complex levels of social cognition evolve only when simpler methods are inadequate. As a result, more complex levels of social cognition indicate greater selective pressures in the past. The presence of each skill can be tested directly through field observations and experiments. In addition, the same methods that have been used to compare social cognition across species can also be used to measure individual differences within species and to test the hypothesis that individual differences in social cognition are linked to differences in reproductive success. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6025 | ||
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| Author | Silk, J.; Cheney, D.; Seyfarth, R. | ||||
| Title | A practical guide to the study of social relationships | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2013 | Publication | Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews | Abbreviated Journal | Evol. Anthropol. |
| Volume | 22 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 213-225 |
| Keywords | observational methods; behavioral analysis; methods; dyadic relationships; social bonds | ||||
| Abstract | Behavioral ecologists have devoted considerable effort to identifying the sources of variation in individual reproductive success. Much of this work has focused on the characteristics of individuals, such as their sex and rank. However, many animals live in stable social groups and the fitness of individuals depends at least in part on the outcome of their interactions with other group members. For example, in many primate species, high dominance rank enhances access to resources and reproductive success. The ability to acquire and maintain high rank often depends on the availability and effectiveness of coalitionary support. Allies may be cultivated and coalitions may be reinforced by affiliative interactions such as grooming, food sharing, and tolerance. These findings suggest that if we want to understand the selective pressures that shape the social behavior of primates, it will be profitable to broaden our focus from the characteristics of individuals to the properties of the relationships that they form with others. The goal of this paper is to discuss a set of methods that can be used to quantify the properties of social relationships. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1520-6505 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5748 | ||
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| Author | Kitchen, D.; Bergman, T.; Cheney, D.; Nicholson, J.; Seyfarth, R. | ||||
| Title | Comparing responses of four ungulate species to playbacks of baboon alarm calls | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2010 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 13 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 861-870 |
| Keywords | Biomedical and Life Sciences | ||||
| Abstract | A growing body of evidence suggests that a wide range of animals can recognize and respond appropriately to calls produced by other species. Social learning has been implicated as a possible mechanism by which heterospecific call recognition might develop. To examine whether familiarity and/or shared vulnerability with the calling species might influence the ability of sympatric species to distinguish heterospecific alarm calls, we tested whether four ungulate species (impala: Aepyceros melampus; tsessebe: Damaliscus lunatus; zebra: Equus burchelli; wildebeest: Connochaetes taurinus) could distinguish baboon (Papio hamadryas ursinus) alarm calls from other loud baboon calls produced during intra-specific aggressive interactions (‘contest’ calls). Overall, subjects’ responses were stronger following playback of alarm calls than contest calls. Of the species tested, impala showed the strongest responses and the greatest difference in composite response scores, suggesting they were best able to differentiate call types. Compared with the other ungulate species, impala are the most frequent associates of baboons. Moreover, like baboons, they are susceptible to both lion and leopard attacks, whereas leopards rarely take the larger ungulates. Although it seems possible that high rates of association and/or shared vulnerability may influence impala’s greater ability to distinguish among baboon call types, our results point to a stronger influence of familiarity. Ours is the first study to compare such abilities among several community members with variable natural histories, and we discuss future experiments that would more systematically examine development of these skills in young ungulates. | ||||
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| Publisher | Springer Berlin / Heidelberg | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5275 | ||
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| Author | Wittig, R.M.; Crockford, C.; Wikberg, E.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. | ||||
| Title | Kin-mediated reconciliation substitutes for direct reconciliation in female baboons | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2007 | Publication | Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Biol Sci |
| Volume | 274 | Issue | 1613 | Pages | 1109-1115 |
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| Abstract | It has been hypothesized that group-living mammals engage in reconciliation (post-conflict affiliation between former opponents) to reduce the disruptive costs of aggression and restore opponents' tolerance to baseline levels. Recipients of aggression are sometimes reluctant to tolerate the proximity of a recent opponent, however, in apparent fear that aggression will be renewed. In such cases, reconciliatory behaviour by the aggressor's close kin may substitute for direct reconciliation. We describe a playback experiment with free-ranging baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) that examines whether friendly behaviour by the aggressor's kin can substitute for direct reconciliation by the aggressor herself. In the test condition, female subjects who had recently been threatened heard the friendly grunt of one of their aggressor's relatives, mimicking kin-mediated vocal reconciliation. In the control condition, subjects heard the grunt of a dominant female from a different matriline. Subjects responded significantly more strongly in test than in control trials. Moreover, in the next hour they were significantly more likely to tolerate the proximity of both their aggressor and the relative whose grunt they had heard. In contrast, subjects' behaviour towards both control females and other members of their aggressor's matriline was unaffected. We conclude that kin-mediated vocal reconciliation can substitute for direct reconciliation in baboons. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17301022 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 342 | ||
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| Author | Crockford, C.; Wittig, R.M.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. | ||||
| Title | Baboons eavesdrop to deduce mating opportunities | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2007 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 73 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 885-890 |
| Keywords | baboon; cognition; eavesdropping; extrapair copulation; mate guarding; Papio hamadryas ursinus; primate; social intelligence; third-party relationships; transient relationships | ||||
| Abstract | Many animals appear to monitor changes in other individuals' dominance ranks and social relationships and to track changes in them. However, it is not known whether they also track changes in very transient relationships. Rapid recognition of a temporary separation between a dominant male and a sexually receptive female, for example, should be adaptive in species where subordinate males use opportunistic strategies to achieve mating success. Dominant male baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) form sexual consortships with oestrous females that are characterized by mate guarding and close proximity. To assess whether subordinate males track temporary changes in the status of other males' consortships, we conducted playback experiments using a two-speaker paradigm. In the test condition, subjects heard the consort male's grunts played from one speaker and his consort female's copulation call played from a speaker approximately 40 m away. This sequence suggested that the male and female had temporarily separated and that the female was mating with another male. In a control trial, subjects heard another dominant male's grunts played from one speaker and the female's copulation call played from the other. In a second control trial, conducted within 24 h after the consortship had ended, subjects again heard the consort male's grunt and the female's copulation call played from separate speakers. As predicted, subjects responded strongly only in the test condition. Eavesdropping upon the temporal and spatial juxtaposition of other individuals' vocalizations may be one strategy by which male baboons achieve sneaky matings. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 816 | ||
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| Author | Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.; Bergman, T.J. | ||||
| Title | Primate social cognition and the origins of language | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2005 | Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 264-266 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Cognition; Humans; *Language; Papio; Psychological Theory; Social Behavior; *Social Perception | ||||
| Abstract | Are the cognitive mechanisms underlying language unique, or can similar mechanisms be found in other domains? Recent field experiments demonstrate that baboons' knowledge of their companions' social relationships is based on discrete-valued traits (identity, rank, kinship) that are combined to create a representation of social relations that is hierarchically structured, open-ended, rule-governed, and independent of sensory modality. The mechanisms underlying language might have evolved from the social knowledge of our pre-linguistic primate ancestors. | ||||
| Address | Departments of Biology and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. seyfarth@psych.upenn.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1364-6613 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15925802 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 343 | ||
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| Author | Kitchen, D.M.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M. | ||||
| Title | Male chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) discriminate loud call contests between rivals of different relative ranks | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2005 | Publication | Animal cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 8 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-6 |
| Keywords | Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; *Discrimination Learning; *Hierarchy, Social; Male; Papio hamadryas/*psychology; *Social Dominance; *Vocalization, Animal | ||||
| Abstract | Males in multi-male groups of chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) in Botswana compete for positions in a linear dominance hierarchy. Previous research suggests that males treat different categories of rivals differently; competitive displays between males of similar rank are more frequent and intense than those between disparately ranked males. Here we test whether males also respond differently to male-male interactions in which they are not directly involved, using playbacks of the loud 'wahoo' calls exchanged between competing males in aggressive displays. We played paired sequences of vocal contests between two adjacently ranked and two disparately ranked males to ten subjects, half ranking below the signalers in the call sequences and half above. Subjects who ranked above the two signalers showed stronger responses than lower-ranking subjects. Higher-ranking subjects also responded more strongly to sequences involving disparately ranked, as opposed to adjacently ranked opponents, suggesting that they recognized those individuals' relative ranks. Strong responses to sequences between disparately ranked opponents might have occurred either because such contests typically involve resources of high fitness value (defense of meat, estrous females or infants vulnerable to infanticide) or because they indicate a sudden change in one contestant's condition. In contrast, subjects who ranked lower than the signalers responded equally strongly to both types of sequences. These subjects may have been able to distinguish between the two categories of opponents but did not respond differently to them because they had little to lose or gain by a rank reversal between males that already ranked higher than they did. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. dkitchen@psych.upenn.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15164259 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 687 | ||
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| Author | Cheney, D. l .; Seyfarth, R. M. | ||||
| Title | Social complexity and the information acquired during eavesdropping by primates and other animals | Type | Book Chapter | ||
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2004 | Publication | Animal Communication networks | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Abstract | In many of the studies reviewed in this book, eavesdropping takes the following form: a subject has the opportunity to monitor, or eavesdrop upon, an interaction between two other animals,Aand B. The subject then uses the information obtained through these observations to assess A`s and B`s relative dominance or attractiveness as a mate (e.g. Mennill et al., 2002; Ch. 2). For example, Oliveira et al. (1998) found that male fighting fish Betta splendens that had witnessed two other males involved in an aggressive interaction subsequently responded more strongly to the loser of that interaction than the winner. Subjects-behaviour could not have been influenced by any inherent differences between the two males, because subjects responded equally strongly to the winner and the loser of competitive interactions they had not observed. Similarly, Peake et al. (2001) presented male great tits Parus major with the opportunity to monitor an apparent competitive interaction between two strangers by simulating a singing contest using two loudspeakers. The relative timing of the singing bouts (as measured by the degree of overlap between the two songs) provided information about each “contestants” relative status. Following the singing interaction, one of the “contestants” was introduced into the male`s territory. Males responded significantly less strongly to singers that had apparently just “lost” the interaction (see also McGregor & Dabelsteen, 1996; Naguib et al., 1999; Ch. 2). What information does an individual acquire when it eavesdrops on others? In theory, an eavesdropper could acquire information of many different sorts: about A, about B, about the relationship between A and B, or about the place of Animal Communication Networks, ed. Peter K. McGregor. Published by Cambridge University Press. c. Cambridge University Press 2005. 583 P1: JZZ/... P2: JZZ/... 0521823617c25.xml CU1917B/McGregor 0 521 582361 7 October 7, 2004 22:31 584 D. L. Cheney & R. M. Seyfarth A`s and B`s relationship in a larger social framework. The exact information acquired will probably reflect the particular species social structure. For example, songbirds like great tits live in communities in which six or seven neighbours surround each territory-holding male. Males appear to benefit from the knowledge that certain individuals occupy specific areas (e.g. Brooks & Falls, 1975), that competitive interactions between two different neighbours have particular outcomes, and that these outcomes are stable over time. We would, therefore, expect an eavesdropping great tit not only to learn that neighbour A was dominant to neighbour B, for example, but also to form the expectation that A was likely to defeat B in all future encounters. More speculatively, because the outcome of territorial interactions are often site specific (reviewed by Bradbury & Vehrencamp, 1998), we would expect eavesdropping tits to learn further that A dominates B in some areas but B dominates A in others. In contrast, the information gained from monitoring neighbours interactions would unlikely be sufficient to allow the eavesdropper to rank all of its neighbours in a linear dominance hierarchy, because not all neighbouring males would come into contact with one another. Such information would be difficult if not impossible to acquire; it might also be of little functional value. In contrast, species that live in large, permanent social groups have a much greater opportunity to monitor the social interactions of many different individuals simultaneously. Monkey species such as baboons Papio cynocephalus, for example, typically live in groups of 80 or more individuals, which include several matrilineal families arranged in a stable, linear dominance rank order (Silk et al., 1999). Offspring assume ranks similar to those of their mothers, and females maintain close bonds with their matrilineal kin throughout their lives. Cutting across these stable long-term relationships based on rank and kinship are more transient bonds: for example, the temporary associations formed between unrelated females whose infants are of similar ages, and the “friendships” formed between adult males and lactating females as an apparent adaptation against infanticide (Palombit et al., 1997, 2001). In order to compete successfully within such groups, it would seem advantageous for individuals to recognize who outranks whom, who is closely bonded to whom, and who is likely to be allied to whom (Harcourt, 1988, 1992; Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990; see below). The ability to adopt a third party`s perspective and discriminate among the social relationships that exist among others would seem to be of great selective benefit. In this chapter, we review evidence for eavesdropping in selected primate species and we consider what sort of information is acquired when one individual observes or listens in on the interactions of others. We then compare eavesdropping by primates with eavesdropping in other animal species, focusing on both potential differences and directions for further research |
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| Publisher | Cambridge University Press | Place of Publication | Cambridge, Massachusetts | Editor | McGregor, P.K. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 495 | ||
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| Author | Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. | ||||
| Title | The Structure of Social Knowledge in Monkeys | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year |
2003 | Publication | Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Publisher | Harvard University Press | Place of Publication | Cambridge, Massachusetts | Editor | F. B. M. de Waal; P. L. Tyack |
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies | |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 978-0674009295 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 464 | ||
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| Author | Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. | ||||
| Title | Meaning and emotion in animal vocalizations | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2003 | Publication | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Ann N Y Acad Sci |
| Volume | 1000 | Issue | Pages | 32-55 | |
| Keywords | Acoustics; *Affect; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Intention; Posture; Sound Spectrography; *Vocalization, Animal | ||||
| Abstract | Historically, a dichotomy has been drawn between the semantic communication of human language and the apparently emotional calls of animals. Current research paints a more complicated picture. Just as scientists have identified elements of human speech that reflect a speaker's emotions, field experiments have shown that the calls of many animals provide listeners with information about objects and events in the environment. Like human speech, therefore, animal vocalizations simultaneously provide others with information that is both semantic and emotional. In support of this conclusion, we review the results of field experiments on the natural vocalizations of African vervet monkeys, diana monkeys, baboons, and suricates (a South African mongoose). Vervet and diana monkeys give acoustically distinct alarm calls in response to the presence of leopards, eagles, and snakes. Each alarm call type elicits a different, adaptive response from others nearby. Field experiments demonstrate that listeners compare these vocalizations not just according to their acoustic properties but also according to the information they convey. Like monkeys, suricates give acoustically distinct alarm calls in response to different predators. Within each predator class, the calls also differ acoustically according to the signaler's perception of urgency. Like speech, therefore, suricate alarm calls convey both semantic and emotional information. The vocalizations of baboons, like those of many birds and mammals, are individually distinctive. As a result, when one baboon hears a sequence of calls exchanged between two or more individuals, the listener acquires information about social events in its group. Baboons, moreover, are skilled “eavesdroppers:” their response to different call sequences provides evidence of the sophisticated information they acquire from other individuals' vocalizations. Baboon males give loud “wahoo” calls during competitive displays. Like other vocalizations, these highly emotional calls provide listeners with information about the caller's dominance rank, age, and competitive ability. Although animal vocalizations, like human speech, simultaneously encode both semantic and emotional information, they differ from language in at least one fundamental respect. Although listeners acquire rich information from a caller's vocalization, callers do not, in the human sense, intend to provide it. Listeners acquire information as an inadvertent consequence of signaler behavior. | ||||
| Address | Departments of Psychology and Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. seyfarth@psych.upenn.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0077-8923 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:14766619 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 688 | ||
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