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| Author | Joffe, T.H.; Dunbar, R.I. | ||||
| Title | Visual and socio-cognitive information processing in primate brain evolution | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year  |
1997 | Publication | Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Biol Sci |
| Volume | 264 | Issue | 1386 | Pages | 1303-1307 |
| Keywords | Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Cognition/physiology; *Evolution; Geniculate Bodies/anatomy & histology/physiology; Humans; Mental Processes/physiology; Neocortex/physiology; Primates/anatomy & histology/*physiology/*psychology; *Social Behavior; Visual Cortex/anatomy & histology/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | Social group size has been shown to correlate with neocortex size in primates. Here we use comparative analyses to show that social group size is independently correlated with the size of non-V1 neocortical areas, but not with other more proximate components of the visual system or with brain systems associated with emotional cueing (e.g. the amygdala). We argue that visual brain components serve as a social information 'input device' for socio-visual stimuli such as facial expressions, bodily gestures and visual status markers, while the non-visual neocortex serves as a 'processing device' whereby these social cues are encoded, interpreted and associated with stored information. However, the second appears to have greater overall importance because the size of the V1 visual area appears to reach an asymptotic size beyond which visual acuity and pattern recognition may not improve significantly. This is especially true of the great ape clade (including humans), that is known to use more sophisticated social cognitive strategies. | ||||
| Address | School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:9332015 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2095 | |||
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| Author | Hoff, M.P.; Powell, D.M.; Lukas, K.E.; Maple, T.L. | ||||
| Title | Individual and social behavior of lowland gorillas in outdoor exhibits compared with indoor holding areas | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1997 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 54 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 359-370 |
| Keywords | Behavior; Agonistic behavior; Spatial distribution; Primates; Social behavior; Housing; Zoo animals; Gorilla | ||||
| Abstract | The behavior of nine lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) living in three social groups at Zoo Atlanta was compared in an indoor holding area versus an outdoor exhibit. Focal animal data were collected for each animal during 15 min observation sessions, alternating between indoors and outdoors. A variety of solitary and social behaviors differed in the two conditions. All individual and social behaviors that showed a difference, except eating, occurred more indoors than outdoors. These included aggressive displays, reclining, self manipulation, and social examination of others. Additionally, the gorillas spent more time closer together in the indoor condition. A variety of other behaviors measured did not change between the two environments. There was a clear effect on behavior of the different housing conditions in which the gorillas were kept. It is suggested that the differences in aggressive behavior may be related to environmental complexity. It is further suggested that zoos should be aware that differences in behavior reported by caretaking staff, researchers and visitors may be a reflection of the differing environmental circumstances in which the animals are observed. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 2143 | |||
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| Author | Khalil, A.M.; Kaseda, Y. | ||||
| Title | Behavioral patterns and proximate reason of young male separation in Misaki feral horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1997 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 54 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 281-289 |
| Keywords | Misaki feral horse; Horse maternal-filial bond; Social behavior; Separation season; Separation reason | ||||
| Abstract | The present investigation was undertaken to study the proximate reasons why and the behavioral patterns of young male Misaki feral horses when they left their natal band or mothers. We observed a total of ten young males twice a month from January 1988 to December 1995. Almost all young males left their natal band or mothers at between 1 and 4 years of age. We found that, during the separation process, all the young males from first parity dams returned several times after the initial separation, indicating a strong attachment between primiparous mares and their male offspring. The other five separated only once without rejoining. Our observations showed five variable behavior patterns of young males at separation time, depending on the consort relation between their mothers and harem stallion and the reason for separation at that time. Eight young males separated in the non-breeding season at average 2.1 years and the other two separated in the breeding season at average 3 years and the average difference was not significant. These results revealed that 80% of the young males separated voluntarily when the natural resources become poor whereas 20% separated when their siblings were born. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2209 | ||
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| Author | Williams, N. | ||||
| Title | Evolutionary psychologists look for roots of cognition | Type | |||
| Year |
1997 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 275 | Issue | 5296 | Pages | 29-30 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Birds; *Cognition; *Evolution; Female; Humans; Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Memory; Reward; *Social Sciences | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0036-8075 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8999531 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2845 | ||
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| Author | de Wall, F.B.; Aureli, F. | ||||
| Title | Conflict resolution and distress alleviation in monkeys and apes | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1997 | Publication | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Ann N Y Acad Sci |
| Volume | 807 | Issue | Pages | 317-328 | |
| Keywords | *Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Arousal; *Conflict (Psychology); Empathy; Haplorhini/*psychology; Hominidae/*psychology; Humans; Learning; Models, Psychological; *Social Behavior; Stress, Psychological | ||||
| Abstract | Research on nonhuman primates has produced compelling evidence for reconciliation and consolation, that is, postconflict contacts that serve to respectively repair social relationships and reassure distressed individuals, such as victims of attack. This has led to a view of conflict and conflict resolution as an integrated part of social relationships, hence determined by social factors and modifiable by the social environment. Implications of this new model of social conflict are discussed along with evidence for behavioral flexibility, the value of cooperation, and the possibility that distress alleviation rests on empathy, a capacity that may be present in chimpanzees and humans but not in most other animals. | ||||
| Address | Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dewaal@rmy.emory.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0077-8923 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:9071360 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 2882 | ||
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| Author | Kaseda, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Khalil, A.M. | ||||
| Title | Causes of natal dispersal and emigration and their effects on harem formation in Misaki feral horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1997 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
| Volume | 29 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 262-266 |
| Keywords | Age Factors; Animal Migration; Animals; Animals, Wild; *Behavior, Animal/physiology; Female; Horses/*physiology/psychology; Male; Reproduction; Seasons; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Misaki feral horses were separated into 2 herds and the difference between dispersal from natal group (natal dispersal) and dispersal from natal area (natal emigration) was studied. The causes of dispersal and emigration and their effects on harem formation were studied 1979-1994. The number of horses ranged from 73 (mature males: 8, mature females: 26, young males: 8, young females: 3, colt foals: 6, filly foals: 10 and geldings: 12) in 1979 and 86 (mature males: 14, mature females: 37, young males: 12, young females: 7, colt foals: 5, filly foals: 7 and geldings: 4) in 1994 when the present study ended. All 29 males which survived to age 4 years and 58 females which survived to age 3 years left their natal or mother groups at age one to 3. Seventeen of 22 dispersing males and 29 of 39 dispersing females left their natal groups around the birth of their siblings and significant correlations were found between natal dispersal and birth of a sibling. The number of emigrating young males correlated negatively and significantly with the total number of young males in another herd and the number of emigrating young females correlated positively and significantly with the total number of young females in the natal herd. All 13 emigrating stallions which survived to age 5 years formed stable harem groups and a significant correlation was found between natal emigration and harem formation. Twenty-three of 35 resident mares formed stable consort relations with harem stallions and a significant correlation was found between residence and formation of stable consort relations. | ||||
| Address | Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki-shi, 889-21, Japan | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15338905 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4630 | ||
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| Author | Sterck, E.; Watts, D.; van Schaik, C. | ||||
| Title | The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1997 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume | 41 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 291-309 |
| Keywords | ecology; matrilocal; primate; social; theory | ||||
| Abstract | Considerable interspeci®c variation in female social relationships occurs in gregarious primates, particularly with regard to agonism and cooperation between females and to the quality of female relationships with males. This variation exists alongside variation in female philopatry and dispersal. Socioecological theories have tried to explain variation in female-female social relationships from an evolutionary perspective focused on ecological factors, notably predation and food distribution. According to the current ``ecological model'', predation risk forces females of most diurnal primate species to live in groups; the strength of the contest component of competition for resources within and between groups then largely determines social relationships between females. Social elationships among gregarious females are here characterized as DispersalEgalitarian, Resident-Nepotistic, Resident-Nepotistic-Tolerant, or Resident-Egalitarian. This ecological model has successfully explained i€erences in the occurrence of formal submission signals, decided dominance relation ships, coalitions and female philopatry. Group size and female rank generally a€ect female reproduction success as the model predicts, and studies of closely related species in di€erent ecological circumstances underscore the importance of the model. Some cases, however, can only be explained when we extend the model to incorporate the e€ects of infanticide risk and habitat saturation. We review evidence in support of the ecological model and test the power of alternative models that invoke between-group competition, forced female philopatry, demographic female recruitment, male interventions into female aggression, and male harassment. Not one of these models can replace the ecological model, which already encompasses the between-group competition. Currently the best model, which explains several phenomena that the ecological model does not, is a ``socioecological model'' based on the combined importance of ecological factors, habitat saturation and infanticide avoidance. We note some points of similarity and divergence with other mammalian taxa; these remain to be explored in detail. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5227 | ||
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| Author | Russell, C.L.; Bard, K.A.; Adamson, L.B. | ||||
| Title | Social referencing by young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1997 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume | 111 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 185-191 |
| Keywords | happy & fear messages concerning novel objects from familiar human caregiver, social referencing, 14–41 mo old chimpanzees | ||||
| Abstract | Social referencing is the seeking of information from another individual and the use of that information to evaluate a situation. It is a well-documented ability in human infants but has not been studied experimentally in nonhuman primates. Seventeen young nursery-reared chimpanzees (14 to 41 months old) were observed in a standard social referencing paradigm in which they received happy and fear messages concerning novel objects from a familiar human caregiver. Each chimpanzee looked referentially at their caregiver, and the emotional messages that they received differentially influenced their gaze behavior and avoidance of the novel objects. It is concluded that chimpanzees can acquire information about their complex social and physical environments through social referencing and can use emotional information to alter their own behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) | ||||
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| Publisher | US: American Psychological Association | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1939-2087(Electronic);0735-7036(Print) | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ 1997-06365-008 | Serial | 5603 | ||
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| Author | Khalil, A.M.; Murakami, N.; Kaseda, Y. | ||||
| Title | Relationship between plasma testosterone concentrations and age, breeding season and harem size in Misaki feral horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1998 | Publication | The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal | J Vet Med Sci |
| Volume | 60 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 643-645 |
| Keywords | Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Wild; *Horses; Japan; Male; Reproduction; Seasons; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Sexual Maturation; *Social Behavior; Testosterone/*blood | ||||
| Abstract | Jugular vein blood samples were collected from 23 young and sexual mature feral stallions to examine the relationship between plasma testosterone concentration and age, breeding season or harem size. Testosterone concentration increased with the age of the stallions until they formed their own harems, at about 4 to 6 years old. Seasonal variations in testosterone concentrations were observed, and found to be significantly higher (P<0.001) throughout the breeding season than non-breeding season, from 3 years of age. Testosterone levels were correlated with harem size for individual stallions. It can be inferred from these results that there is a relationship between plasma testosterone concentration and age, breeding season and harem size. | ||||
| Address | Laboratory of Animal Behavioral Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0916-7250 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:9637303 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 137 | ||
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| Author | Khalil, A.M.; Kaseda, Y. | ||||
| Title | Early experience affects developmental behaviour and timing of harem formation in Misaki horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 59 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 253-263 |
| Keywords | Feral horse; Young male; Social behavior; Developmental stage | ||||
| Abstract | A study was made of the behavior of young male Misaki feral horses in the developmental stage, by observing nine of them once a week from January 1988 to December 1996. The relationship between behavior before separation and in the developmental stage was also investigated. This stage begins just after young males separate from their natal band or mothers, and it continues until they start to form harems. The duration of the developmental stage in the study ranged from 0.6 to 3.9 years, depending on the age of the young males at the time of separation. Young males associated with three types of social groups at the beginning of the developmental stage, according to their social groups before separation. These were bachelor groups, harem groups and wandering female groups. During this period, males joined the three groups, mixed sex groups and sometimes were solitary. It was considered that these associations provided a good opportunity for males to acquire different behavioral patterns and experiences before they entered the next stage. Depending on the groups with which they associated, young males that spent more time with bachelor groups had the longest average developmental stage. They associated with harem groups more often during the breeding season and more frequently with other groups or were solitary during the non-breeding season. This may be a transition period because by the end of this stage all males had spent time in solitude before forming their own harem bands. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 2021 | |||
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