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Mitchell, B. L., Skenton, J. B., & Uys, J. C. M. (1965). Predation on large mammals in Kafue National Park. Zool. Afr, 1, 297–318.
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Heck L Jr,. (1966). Immobilisation einer Hartmann-Berzebrastute mit Hilfe der Cap Chur Gun im Tierpark Hellabrunn, München. Zool. Garten., 32, 159–162.
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Klingel H Klingel U,. (1966). Die Geburt eines Zebras (Equus quagga boehmi Matschie). Z. Tierpsychol., 23, 72–76.
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Zolovick, A., Upson, D. W., & Eleftheriou, B. E. (1966). Diurnal Variation In Plasma Glucocorticosteroid Levels In The Horse (Equus Caballus). J. Endocrinol., 35(3), 249–253.
Abstract: Thin-layer chromatography, acetylation of reference and unidentified glucocorticosteroids, u.v. absorption and fluorescence induced in sulphuric acid were used to identify cortisol as the major free plasma glucocorticosteroid in the horse (Equus caballus), with cortisone and corticosterone as minor glucocorticosteroids. Deoxycorticosterone was also identified. The plasma ratio for free cortisol: cortisone: corticosterone was 16:8:0·5.The diurnal variation was determined for all three glucocorticosteroids. The highest levels of cortisol and corticosterone were found at 10.00 hr. (260 and 10·3 μg./100 ml., respectively) and the lowest concentration of cortisol at 02.00 hr. The highest level of cortisone occurred at 02.00 hr. (140 μg./100 ml.), and the lowest appeared at 16.00 hr. (65 μg./100 ml.). The maximum plasma concentration of the combined glucocorticosteroids was found at 10.00 hr. (395·3 μg./100 ml.), and the minimum at 20.00 hr. (219 μg./100 ml.).
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Klingel, H. (1967). Soziale Organisation und Verhalten freilebender Steppenzebras (Equus quagga). Z. Tierpsychol., 24(5), 580–624.
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Klingel, H. (1968). Sozial Organisation und Verhaltensweisen von Hartmann- und Bergzebras (Equus zebra hartmannae und E. z. zebra). Z. Tierpsychol., 25, 76–88.
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Klingel H,. (1969). Dauerhafte Sozialverbände beim Bergzebra. Z. Tierpsychol., 26, 965–966.
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Roth Hh,. (1969). Über das Schwimmen afrikanischer Landsäugetiere im Kariba – Stauseegebiet und ihr Verhalten gegenüber dem Flutwasser. Zool. Garten., 37, 12–29.
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Sambraus, H. H. (1969). Das soziale Lecken des Rindes. Z. Tierpsychol., 26(7), 805–810.
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Hamilton, W. D. (1971). Geometry for the selfish herd. J. Theor. Biol., 31(2), 295–311.
Abstract: This paper presents an antithesis to the view that gregarious behaviour is evolved through benefits to the population or species. Following Galton (1871) and Williams (1964) gregarious behaviour is considered as a form of cover-seeking in which each animal tries to reduce its chance of being caught by a predator.
It is easy to see how pruning of marginal individuals can maintain centripetal instincts in already gregarious species; some evidence that marginal pruning actually occurs is summarized. Besides this, simply defined models are used to show that even in non-gregarious species selection is likely to favour individuals who stay close to others.
Although not universal or unipotent, cover-seeking is a widespread and important element in animal aggregation, as the literature shows. Neglect of the idea has probably followed from a general disbelief that evolution can be dysgenic for a species. Nevertheless, selection theory provides no support for such disbelief in the case of species with outbreeding or unsubdivided populations.
The model for two dimensions involves a complex problem in geometrical probability which has relevance also in metallurgy and communication science. Some empirical data on this, gathered from random number plots, is presented as of possible heuristic value.
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