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| Author | Kiltie, R.A.; Fan, J.; Laine, A.F. | ||||
| Title | A wavelet-based metric for visual texture discrimination with applications in evolutionary ecology | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year  |
1995 | Publication | Mathematical Biosciences | Abbreviated Journal | Math Biosci |
| Volume | 126 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 21-39 |
| Keywords | Animals; Carnivora; *Ecology; Equidae; *Evolution; Humans; Mathematics; Models, Biological; Moths; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Pigmentation | ||||
| Abstract | Much work on natural and sexual selection is concerned with the conspicuousness of visual patterns (textures) on animal and plant surfaces. Previous attempts by evolutionary biologists to quantify apparency of such textures have involved subjective estimates of conspicuousness or statistical analyses based on transect samples. We present a method based on wavelet analysis that avoids subjectivity and that uses more of the information in image textures than transects do. Like the human visual system for texture discrimination, and probably like that of other vertebrates, this method is based on localized analysis of orientation and frequency components of the patterns composing visual textures. As examples of the metric's utility, we present analyses of crypsis for tigers, zebras, and peppered moth morphs. | ||||
| Address | Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0025-5564 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:7696817 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2660 | ||
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| Author | Barton, R.A.; Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A. | ||||
| Title | Ecology, feeding competition and social structure in baboons | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1996 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume | 38 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 321-329 |
| Keywords | Key words Ecology – Competition – Group size – Baboons | ||||
| Abstract | Predictions of the model of van Schaik (1989) of female-bonding in primates are tested by systematically comparing the ecology, level of within-group contest competition for food (WGC), and patterns of social behaviour found in two contrasting baboon populations. Significant differences were found in food distribution (percentage of the diet from clumped sources), feeding supplant rates and grooming patterns. In accord with the model, the tendencies of females to affiliate and form coalitions with one another, and to be philopatric, were strongest where ecological conditions promoted WGC. Group fission in the population with strong WGC was “horizontal” with respect to female dominance rank, and associated with female-female aggression during a period of elevated feeding competition. In contrast, where WGC was low, females' grooming was focused on adult males rather than other females. Recent evidence suggests that group fission here is initiated by males, tends to result in the formation of one-male groups, and is not related to feeding competition but to male-male competition for mates. An ecological model of baboon social structure is presented which incorporates the effects of female-female competition, male-male competition, and predation pressure. The model potentially accounts for wide variability in group size, group structure and social relationships within the genus Papio. Socio-ecological convergence between common baboons and hamadryas baboons, however, may be limited in some respects by phylogenetic inertia. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 807 | ||
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| Author | Barton, R.A. | ||||
| Title | Neocortex size and behavioural ecology in primates | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1996 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B |
| Volume | 263 | Issue | 1367 | Pages | 173-177 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Brain/*anatomy & histology; Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; *Ecology; Evolution; Primates/anatomy & histology/*physiology/psychology; Regression Analysis; Species Specificity | ||||
| Abstract | The neocortex is widely held to have been the focus of mammalian brain evolution, but what selection pressures explain the observed diversity in its size and structure? Among primates, comparative studies suggest that neocortical evolution is related to the cognitive demands of sociality, and here I confirm that neocortex size and social group size are positively correlated once phylogenetic associations and overall brain size are taken into account. This association holds within haplorhine but not strepsirhine primates. In addition, the neocortex is larger in diurnal than in nocturnal primates, and among diurnal haplorhines its size is positively correlated with the degree of frugivory. These ecological correlates reflect the diverse sensory-cognitive functions of the neocortex. | ||||
| Address | Department of Anthropology, University of Durham | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8728982 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4783 | ||
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| Author | Sterck, E.; Watts, D.; van Schaik, C. | ||||
| Title | The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1997 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume | 41 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 291-309 |
| Keywords | ecology; matrilocal; primate; social; theory | ||||
| Abstract | Considerable interspeci®c variation in female social relationships occurs in gregarious primates, particularly with regard to agonism and cooperation between females and to the quality of female relationships with males. This variation exists alongside variation in female philopatry and dispersal. Socioecological theories have tried to explain variation in female-female social relationships from an evolutionary perspective focused on ecological factors, notably predation and food distribution. According to the current ``ecological model'', predation risk forces females of most diurnal primate species to live in groups; the strength of the contest component of competition for resources within and between groups then largely determines social relationships between females. Social elationships among gregarious females are here characterized as DispersalEgalitarian, Resident-Nepotistic, Resident-Nepotistic-Tolerant, or Resident-Egalitarian. This ecological model has successfully explained i€erences in the occurrence of formal submission signals, decided dominance relation ships, coalitions and female philopatry. Group size and female rank generally a€ect female reproduction success as the model predicts, and studies of closely related species in di€erent ecological circumstances underscore the importance of the model. Some cases, however, can only be explained when we extend the model to incorporate the e€ects of infanticide risk and habitat saturation. We review evidence in support of the ecological model and test the power of alternative models that invoke between-group competition, forced female philopatry, demographic female recruitment, male interventions into female aggression, and male harassment. Not one of these models can replace the ecological model, which already encompasses the between-group competition. Currently the best model, which explains several phenomena that the ecological model does not, is a ``socioecological model'' based on the combined importance of ecological factors, habitat saturation and infanticide avoidance. We note some points of similarity and divergence with other mammalian taxa; these remain to be explored in detail. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5227 | ||
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| Author | de Waal, F.B. | ||||
| Title | The end of nature versus nurture | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1999 | Publication | Scientific American | Abbreviated Journal | Sci Am |
| Volume | 281 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 94-99 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior; Behavior, Animal; Ecology; *Environment; Ethology; Evolution; Female; *Genetics; Humans; Instinct; Learning; Male; Sex Characteristics; Twin Studies | ||||
| Abstract | |||||
| Address | Living Links Center, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Atlanta, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0036-8733 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:10614071 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 192 | ||
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| Author | Czaran, T. | ||||
| Title | Game theory and evolutionary ecology: Evolutionary Games & Population Dynamics by J. Hofbauer and K. Sigmund, and Game Theory & Animal Behaviour, edited by L.A. Dugatkin and H.K. Reeve | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1999 | Publication | Trends in Ecology & Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | Trends. Ecol. Evol |
| Volume | 14 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 246-247 |
| Keywords | Game theory; Evolutionary ecology; Population dynamics; Ethology | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 485 | ||
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| Author | Taberlet, P.; Waits, L.P.; Luikart, G. | ||||
| Title | Noninvasive genetic sampling: look before you leap | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1999 | Publication | Trends in Ecology & Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | Trends Ecol. Evol |
| Volume | 14 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 323-327 |
| Keywords | Hairs; Feces; Feathers; Allelic dropout; Individual identification; Conservation genetics; Behavioural ecology; Pilot study; Microsatellites; Probability of identity | ||||
| Abstract | Noninvasive sampling allows genetic studies of free-ranging animals without the need to capture or even observe them, and thus allows questions to be addressed that cannot be answered using conventional methods. Initially, this sampling strategy promised to exploit fully the existing DNA-based technology for studies in ethology, conservation biology and population genetics. However, recent work now indicates the need for a more cautious approach, which includes quantifying the genotyping error rate. Despite this, many of the difficulties of noninvasive sampling will probably be overcome with improved methodology. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0169-5347 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6573 | ||
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| Author | Healy,S.; Braithwaite, V | ||||
| Title | Cognitive ecology: a field of substance? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2000 | Publication | Trends in Ecology & Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | Trends. Ecol. Evol |
| Volume | 15 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 22-26 |
| Keywords | Cognitive ecology; Neuroethology; Cognition; Ecology; Evolution; Orientation mechanisms | ||||
| Abstract | In 1993, Les Real invented the label 'cognitive ecology'. This label was intended for work that brought cognitive science and behavioural ecology together. Real's article stressed the importance of such an approach to the understanding of behaviour. At the end of a decade in which more interdisciplinary work on behaviour has been seen than for many years, it is time to assess whether cognitive ecology is a label describing an active field. | ||||
| Address | Division of Biological Sciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK EH9 3JT | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0169-5347 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:10603501 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 837 | ||
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| Author | Linklater, W.L. | ||||
| Title | Adaptive explanation in socio-ecology: lessons from the Equidae | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2000 | Publication | Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society | Abbreviated Journal | Biol. Rev. |
| Volume | 75 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-20 |
| Keywords | *Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Ecology; Equidae/*physiology; Female; Male; Phylogeny | ||||
| Abstract | Socio-ecological explanations for intra- and interspecific variation in the social and spatial organization of animals predominate in the scientific literature. The socio-ecological model, developed first for the Bovidae and Cervidae, is commonly applied more widely to other groups including the Equidae. Intraspecific comparisons are particularly valuable because they allow the role of environment and demography on social and spatial organization to be understood while controlling for phylogeny or morphology which confound interspecific comparisons. Feral horse (Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758) populations with different demography inhabit a range of environments throughout the world. I use 56 reports to obtain 23 measures or characteristics of the behaviour and the social and spatial organization of 19 feral horse populations in which the environment, demography, management, research effort and sample size are also described. Comparison shows that different populations had remarkably similar social and spatial organization and that group sizes and composition, and home range sizes varied as much within as between populations. I assess the few exceptions to uniformity and conclude that they are due to the attributes of the studies themselves, particularly to poor definition of terms and inadequate empiricism, rather than to the environment or demography per se. Interspecific comparisons show that equid species adhere to their different social and spatial organizations despite similarities in their environments and even when species are sympatric. Furthermore, equid male territoriality has been ill-defined in previous studies, observations presented as evidence of territoriality are also found in non-territorial equids, and populations of supposedly territorial species demonstrate female defence polygyny. Thus, territoriality may not be a useful categorization in the Equidae. Moreover, although equid socio-ecologists have relied on the socio-ecological model derived from the extremely diverse Bovidae and Cervidae for explanations of variation in equine society, the homomorphic, but large and polygynous, and monogeneric Equidae do not support previous socio-ecological explanations for relationships between body size, mating system and sexual dimorphism in ungulates. Consequently, in spite of the efforts of numerous authors during the past two decades, functional explanations of apparent differences in feral horse and equid social and spatial organization and behaviour based on assumptions of their current utility in the environmental or demographic context remain unconvincing. Nevertheless, differences in social cohesion between species that are insensitive to intra- and interspecific variation in habitat and predation pressure warrant explanation. Thus, I propose alternative avenues of inquiry including testing for species-specific differences in inter-individual aggression and investigating the role of phylogenetic constraints in equine society. The Equidae are evidence of the relative importance of phylogeny and biological structure, and unimportance of the present-day environment, in animal behaviour and social and spatial organization. | ||||
| Address | Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1464-7931 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:10740891 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2024 | |||
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| Author | Pichardo, M. | ||||
| Title | Valsequillo biostratigraphy. III: Equid ecospecies in Paleoindian sites | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2000 | Publication | Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht Uber die Biologisch-Anthropologische Literatur | Abbreviated Journal | Anthropol Anz |
| Volume | 58 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 275-298 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Ecology; Horses/*classification; Mexico; *Paleodontology; Species Specificity | ||||
| Abstract | Greater precision in North American Pleistocene equid taxonomy makes it now possible to exploit the ubiquitous horse remains in Paleoindian sites as ecological index-fossils. The horses of Central Mexico and the Southern Plains can be sorted by tooth size alone, except for two rare large horses of the Southern Plains. The species endemic to these grasslands and south to Central Mexico are Equus pacificus (large), E. conversidens (small), E. francisci (smallest). The Southern Plains were also occupied by a specialized grazer E. excelsus (Burnet and Sandia caves) and E. occidentalis (Dry and Sandia caves). West of the Rocky Mountains E. occidentalis was dominant. East of the Mississippi River two woodland species are found: E. fraternus and E. littoralis. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0003-5548 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:11082786 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2648 | ||
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