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Author Doherty, T.J.; Frazier, D.L. openurl 
  Title Effect of intravenous lidocaine on halothane minimum alveolar concentration in ponies Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1998 Publication Equine veterinary journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J  
  Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 300-303  
  Keywords Anesthetics/administration & dosage/blood/*pharmacology; Anesthetics, Inhalation/administration & dosage/*analysis; Animals; Consciousness/drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Halothane/administration & dosage/*analysis; Horses/*physiology; Infusions, Intravenous/veterinary; Lidocaine/administration & dosage/blood/*pharmacology; Male  
  Abstract This study investigated the effect of lidocaine i.v. on halothane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in ponies. Six ponies were anaesthetised with thiopentone and succinylcholine, intubated and anaesthesia maintained with halothane. Ventilation was controlled and blood pressure maintained within clinically acceptable limits. Following a 2 h equilibration period, baseline halothane MAC was determined. The ponies were then given a loading dose of lidocaine (2.5 or 5 mg/kg bwt) or saline over 5 min, followed by a constant infusion of lidocaine (50 or 100 microg/kg/min, or saline, respectively). The halothane MAC was redetermined after a 60 min infusion of lidocaine or saline. The baseline halothane MAC for the control group was mean +/- s.d. 0.94 +/- 0.03%, and no significant decrease occurred following saline infusion. Lidocaine decreased halothane MAC in a dose-dependent fashion (r = 0.86; P < 0.0003). The results indicate that i.v. lidocaine may have a role in equine anaesthesia.  
  Address Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville 37901-1071, USA  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:9705112 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 95  
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Author Khalil, A.M.; Murakami, N.; Kaseda, Y. openurl 
  Title Relationship between plasma testosterone concentrations and age, breeding season and harem size in Misaki feral horses Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1998 Publication The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science Abbreviated Journal J Vet Med Sci  
  Volume 60 Issue 5 Pages 643-645  
  Keywords Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Wild; *Horses; Japan; Male; Reproduction; Seasons; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Sexual Maturation; *Social Behavior; Testosterone/*blood  
  Abstract Jugular vein blood samples were collected from 23 young and sexual mature feral stallions to examine the relationship between plasma testosterone concentration and age, breeding season or harem size. Testosterone concentration increased with the age of the stallions until they formed their own harems, at about 4 to 6 years old. Seasonal variations in testosterone concentrations were observed, and found to be significantly higher (P<0.001) throughout the breeding season than non-breeding season, from 3 years of age. Testosterone levels were correlated with harem size for individual stallions. It can be inferred from these results that there is a relationship between plasma testosterone concentration and age, breeding season and harem size.  
  Address Laboratory of Animal Behavioral Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0916-7250 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:9637303 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 137  
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Author Khalil, A.M.; Kaseda, Y. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Early experience affects developmental behaviour and timing of harem formation in Misaki horses Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1998 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 253-263  
  Keywords Feral horse; Young male; Social behavior; Developmental stage  
  Abstract A study was made of the behavior of young male Misaki feral horses in the developmental stage, by observing nine of them once a week from January 1988 to December 1996. The relationship between behavior before separation and in the developmental stage was also investigated. This stage begins just after young males separate from their natal band or mothers, and it continues until they start to form harems. The duration of the developmental stage in the study ranged from 0.6 to 3.9 years, depending on the age of the young males at the time of separation. Young males associated with three types of social groups at the beginning of the developmental stage, according to their social groups before separation. These were bachelor groups, harem groups and wandering female groups. During this period, males joined the three groups, mixed sex groups and sometimes were solitary. It was considered that these associations provided a good opportunity for males to acquire different behavioral patterns and experiences before they entered the next stage. Depending on the groups with which they associated, young males that spent more time with bachelor groups had the longest average developmental stage. They associated with harem groups more often during the breeding season and more frequently with other groups or were solitary during the non-breeding season. This may be a transition period because by the end of this stage all males had spent time in solitude before forming their own harem bands.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 2021  
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Author Morales, J.L.; Manchado, M.; Vivo, J.; Galisteo, A.M.; Aguera, E.; Miro, F. openurl 
  Title Angular kinematic patterns of limbs in elite and riding horses at trot Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1998 Publication Equine Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J  
  Volume 30 Issue 6 Pages 528-533  
  Keywords Animals; Biomechanics; Breeding; Extremities/*physiology; Gait/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Joints/*physiology; Male; Video Recording  
  Abstract Normal speed videography was used to determine the angular parameters of 28 Spanish Thoroughbreds at trot. Horses were divided into 3 groups: Group UT, comprising 9 animals (provided by the VII National Stud, Cordoba, Spain) which had undergone no specific training programme and which were hand led at the trot; Group T, formed by 19 horses considered to be highly bred and trained, and which were also hand led; and Group RT, comprising the same horses as the latter group but this time trotted by a rider. Each animal was filmed 6 times from the right-hand side, using a Hi8 (25 Hz) video camera. Angular parameters for fore- and hindlimb joints were measured in each stride from computer-grabbed frames and entered into a spreadsheet for calculation; parameters included maximum and minimum angles, range of motion, and angles at landing, lift off and maximum hoof height; the times at which maximum angle, minimum angle, lift off and maximum hoof height occurred were calculated as percentages of total stride duration. Stride velocity (mean [s.d.]) was 4.01 (0.62), 3.60 (0.34) and 3.07 (0.36) m/s for Groups UT, T and RT, respectively. Data were then compared between Groups UT-T and Groups T-RT. Compared with Group UT, horses from Group T featured a shorter stance percentage (P<0.001) in both fore- and hindlimbs. The range of motion in forelimbs was smaller (P<0.05), due to lower retraction (P<0.001); moreover, maximum retraction appeared earlier (P<0.05). Greater scapular inclination was in evidence (P<0.05) and the shoulder joint extended further (P<0.05). Fore- and hind fetlock joints revealed a relatively shorter hyperextension period during the stance phase (P<0.01). Compared with Group T, horses from Group RT had a longer stance percentage, with belated maximum retraction of the fore- and hindlimbs. The range of movement in scapular inclination was greater (P<0.05), due to a smaller minimum angle (P<0.01), and the shoulder joint flexed more (P<0.05). The elbow joint extended more and for longer during the stance phase. Initial extension of the hip joint (P<0.05) and tarsus (P<0.001) lasted longer. The carpal and fore and hind fetlock joints recorded relatively longer hyperextension times, in addition to greater hyperextension during the stance phase. The results from the present study suggest that rider-effect must be taken in consideration when well gaited horses are selected for dressage purposes.  
  Address Department of Compared Anatomy and Pathology, University of Cordoba, Veterinary Faculty, Spain  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:9844972 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3734  
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Author Birch, H.L.; Bailey, A.J.; Goodship, A.E. openurl 
  Title Macroscopic 'degeneration' of equine superficial digital flexor tendon is accompanied by a change in extracellular matrix composition Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1998 Publication Equine Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J  
  Volume 30 Issue 6 Pages 534-539  
  Keywords Animals; Collagen/analysis; DNA/analysis; Extracellular Matrix/*chemistry; Glycosaminoglycans/analysis; Horses/injuries/*physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Rupture/veterinary; Tendon Injuries/metabolism/pathology/veterinary; Tendons/chemistry/*pathology; Water/analysis  
  Abstract Injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon are common in horses required to gallop and jump at speed. Partial rupture of this tendon usually occurs in the central core of the midmetacarpal region and may be preceded by localised degenerative changes. Post mortem examination of apparently normal equine flexor tendons has revealed an abnormal macroscopic appearance in the central core, characterised by a reddish discolouration. We have previously shown that there is also physical damage to the collagen fibres. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the abnormal appearance is accompanied by changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix of the tendon. Biochemical analysis of the extracellular matrix demonstrated an increase in total sulphated glycosaminoglycan content, increase in the proportion of type III collagen and decrease in collagen linked fluorescence in the central core of 'degenerated' tendons relative to tissue from the peripheral region of the same tendon. Dry matter content and total collagen content were not significantly different between tendon zones or normal and 'degenerated' tendons. These changes suggest a change in cell metabolism and matrix turnover in the central core of the tendon and are likely to contribute to a decrease in mechanical properties in this part of the tendon, predisposing to the characteristic partial rupture of the tendon.  
  Address Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK  
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  ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:9844973 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3794  
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Author Lilienfeld, S.O.; Gershon, J.; Duke, M.; Marino, L.; de Waal, F.B. openurl 
  Title A preliminary investigation of the construct of psychopathic personality (psychopathy) in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1999 Publication Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) Abbreviated Journal J Comp Psychol  
  Volume 113 Issue 4 Pages 365-375  
  Keywords Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antisocial Personality Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology; Ethology/*methods; Female; Male; Observer Variation; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*standards; Reproducibility of Results; Sex Characteristics; *Social Behavior  
  Abstract Although the construct of psychopathy has received considerable attention in humans, its relevance to other animals is largely unknown. We developed a measure of psychopathy for use in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the Chimpanzee Psychopathy Measure (CPM), and asked 6 raters to complete this index on 34 chimpanzees. The CPM (a) demonstrated satisfactory interrater reliability and internal consistency; (b) exhibited marginally significant sex differences (males > females); (c) correlated positively with measures of extraversion, agreeableness, and observational ratings of agonism, sexual activity, daring behaviors, teasing, silent bluff displays, and temper tantrums, and negatively with observational ratings of generosity; and (d) demonstrated incremental validity above and beyond a measure of dominance. Although further validation of the CPM is needed, these findings suggest that the psychopathy construct may be relevant to chimpanzees.  
  Address Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. scott@ss.emory.edu  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0735-7036 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:10608560 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 193  
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Author Lonon, A.M.; Zentall, T.R. openurl 
  Title Transfer of value from S+ to S- in simultaneous discriminations in humans Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1999 Publication The American journal of psychology Abbreviated Journal Am J Psychol  
  Volume 112 Issue 1 Pages 21-39  
  Keywords Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; Conditioning, Classical; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; *Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; *Transfer (Psychology)  
  Abstract When animals learn a simultaneous discrimination, some of the value of the positive stimulus (S+) appears to transfer to the negative stimulus (S-). The present experiments demonstrate that such value transfer can also be found in humans. In Experiment 1 humans were trained on 2 simple simultaneous discriminations, the first between a highly positive stimulus, A (1,000 points); and a negative stimulus, B (0 points); and the second between a less positive stimulus, C (100 points); and a negative stimulus, D (0 points). On test trials, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiments 2 and 3 the value of the 2 original discriminations was equated in training (A[100]B[0] and C[100]D[0]). In Experiment 2 the values of the positive stimuli were then altered (A[1,000]C[0]); again, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiment 3, however, when the values of B and D were altered (B[1,000]D[0]), participants were indifferent to A and C. Thus, the mechanism that underlies value transfer in humans appears to be related to Pavlovian second-order conditioning. Similar mechanisms may be involved in assimilation processes in social contexts.  
  Address University of Kentucky, USA  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0002-9556 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:10696277 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 249  
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Author Lindberg, A.C.; Kelland, A.; Nicol, C.J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Effects of observational learning on acquisition of an operant response in horses Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1999 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 187-199  
  Keywords Horse; Observational learning; Stereotyped behaviour; Operant behaviour; Breed influence; Age influence  
  Abstract The effect of observational learning on the acquisition of an operant response was examined in eighteen riding horses and ponies. The test horses were randomly divided into three groups of six and individually exposed to one of three treatments. An additional horse was trained as a demonstrator, to perform the operant response. The observer horses watched either the demonstrator performing the bin-opening response (Group D+B); the demonstrator standing passively (Group D); or the operant bin in the absence of the demonstrator (Group B). Observers had access to and were free to interact with an identical bin during testing. Observers in Groups D+B and D were socially familiar with the demonstrator. Each test horse was tested once a day for 10 days. An ANOVA revealed no significant differences between treatment groups in the number of responses or the time taken to reach the learning criterion. However, there were highly significant differences between breed types, with non-warmbloods performing more bouts of opening the bin and feeding (p=0.02), feeding from the bin sooner (p=0.01) and reaching the criterion for learning sooner than warmbloods (p=0.05). There was also a significant negative linear relationship between horses' ages and time spent investigating the bin, with younger horses performing more investigative behaviour (y=-3.08x+106.86; p=0.02).  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 562  
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Author Farmer-Dougan, V.; Dougan, J. url  openurl
  Title The Man Who Listens To Behavior: Folk Wisdom And Behavior Analysis From A Real Horse Whisperer Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1999 Publication JOURNAL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR Abbreviated Journal J Exp Anal Behav  
  Volume 72 Issue 1 Pages 139-149  
  Keywords positive reinforcement, aversive control, learned helplessness, language, biological constraints,  
  Abstract The popular novel and movie The Horse Whisperer are based on the work of several real-life horse

whisperers, the most famous of whom is Monty Roberts. Over the last 50 years, Roberts has developed

a technique for training horses that is both more effective and less aversive than traditional training

techniques. An analysis of Roberts` methods (as described in his book, The Man Who Listens to Horses)

indicates a deep understanding of behavioral principles including positive reinforcement, timeout,

species-specific defense reactions, learned helplessness, and the behavioral analysis of language.

Roberts developed his theory and techniques on the basis of personal experience and folk wisdom,

and not as the result of formal training in behavior analysis. Behavior analysts can clearly learn from

such insightful yet behaviorally incorrect practitioners, just as such practitioners can benefit from

the objective science of behavior analysts.
 
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0022-5002 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:16812908 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1829  
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Author Cowell, P.E.; Fitch, R.H.; Denenberg, V.H. openurl 
  Title Laterality in animals: relevance to schizophrenia Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1999 Publication Schizophrenia Bulletin Abbreviated Journal Schizophr Bull  
  Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 41-62  
  Keywords Adult; Animals; Cognition; *Disease Models, Animal; Functional Laterality/*physiology; Humans; Language; Motor Activity/physiology; Schizophrenia/*physiopathology  
  Abstract Anomalies in the laterality of numerous neurocognitive dimensions associated with schizophrenia have been documented, but their role in the etiology and early development of the disorder remain unclear. In the study of normative neurobehavioral organization, animal models have shed much light on the mechanisms underlying and the factors affecting adult patterns of both functional and structural asymmetry. Nonhuman species have more recently been used to investigate the environmental, genetic, and neuroendocrine factors associated with developmental language disorders in humans. We propose that the animal models used to study the basis of lateralization in normative development and language disorders such as dyslexia could be modified to investigate lateralized phenomena in schizophrenia.  
  Address Dept. of Human Communication Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0586-7614 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:10098913 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2827  
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