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| Author | McDonnell, S.M.; Poulin, A. | ||||
| Title | Equid play ethogram | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year  |
2002 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 78 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 263-290 |
| Keywords | Equine; Pony; Zebra; Donkey; Przewalski horse; Play behavior; Ethogram | ||||
| Abstract | An ethogram of play behavior among equids was developed. Several key English-language studies on equids were reviewed to derive a preliminary inventory of specific behaviors to be included in the ethogram. Our primary observations were based on a herd of semi-feral Shetland-type ponies kept at New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA. Greater than 100 h of direct observation and photo-documentation focused specifically on play in order to identify play behaviors to be added to the preliminary inventory and to obtain detailed descriptions of each behavior. Additionally, these observations were supplemented with photographs obtained during several years of observational study of this herd for other purposes, and with the cumulative equid observational experience and study notes of the principal investigator with other equid species. An initial draft was sent out to 18 equine behavior colleagues for review. A total of 38 individual behaviors classified into four distinct categories were included in the ethogram. These included object play (14 entries), play sexual behavior (3 entries), locomotor play (14 entries) and play fighting (7 entries). All of the behaviors catalogued from direct observation of the herd were also found in the equid literature. The resulting ethogram offers a practical tool as a field guide or reference for quantitative research and other studies of equid play behavior as well as for teaching of equid behavior. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 1987 | ||
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| Author | Strand, S.C.; Tiefenbacher, S.; Haskell, M.; Hosmer, T.; McDonnell, S.M.; Freeman, D.A. | ||||
| Title | Behavior and physiologic responses of mares to short-term isolation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2002 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 78 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 145-157 |
| Keywords | Animal welfare; Equine behavior; Equine physiology; Social isolation; Novel environment; Transportation | ||||
| Abstract | The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior and physiologic responses of mares to removal from an established pasture herd and to isolation in a pasture setting for 6 h (Group I, n=5). Responses of mares in Group I were compared to mares that were transported and returned to the herd (Group T, n=5) and to mares moved to the isolation pasture with a companion (Group C, n=5). Behavior was recorded continuously for 6 h on the day before the isolation procedures (baseline, Day 0) and again on the day of the procedure (test, Day 1). Plasma cortisol, white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (N:L), and hematocrit (HCT) were measured once on Day 0 (a.m.) and twice on Day 1 (a.m. and p.m.). Heart rate (HR) was monitored continuously during Day 0 and Day 1. Intradermal response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) injection was measured 18 h following injection, which was administered at the end of Day 1. Average time spent standing alert increased (P<0.05) in Groups I and C and average time spent grazing decreased (P<0.05) in Group C from Day 0 to Day 1. Also, there was a significant difference between groups (based on a calculated χ2-square value) in the proportion of mares that autogroomed, defecated, urinated, rolled, and whinnied on Day 1. Activity shift rate (ASR) and temperament scores increased significantly in Groups I and C from Day 0 to Day 1 (P<0.05). Plasma cortisol increased significantly in all groups from Day 0 to Day 1, a.m. (P<0.05) and decreased significantly from Day 1, a.m. to Day 1, p.m. (P<0.05). HCT significantly increased in all three groups from Day 0 to Day 1, a.m. (P<0.05). WBC significantly increased in Group T from Day 0 to Day 1, a.m. (P<0.05). N:L ratio significantly increased in Groups I and C from Day 0 and Day 1, a.m. to Day 1, p.m. (P<0.05). A variety of measures did indicate a response to removal from the pasture group, however, the overall, short-term response was minimal. Since the responses of Groups I and C were similar, the effects of isolation versus a novel environment or separation from the established herd could not be differentiated. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3644 | ||
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| Author | Williams, J.L.; Friend, T.H.; Toscano, M.J.; Collins, M.N.; Sisto-Burt, A.; Nevill, C.H. | ||||
| Title | The effects of early training sessions on the reactions of foals at 1, 2, and 3 months of age | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2002 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 77 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 105-114 |
| Keywords | Equine; Imprint training; Imprinting; Learning; Training; Handling; Foal | ||||
| Abstract | An early training procedure commonly termed “foal imprint training” is widely promoted in the horse industry. However, there have been no published scientific investigations of its efficacy. This study determined the effects of a training procedure on foals and their reaction to stimuli used in the early training procedure, and to a novel stimulus, at 1, 2 and 3 months of age. Twenty-five foals received a standard training procedure at 2, 12, 24, and 48 h after birth. After the training procedure, the foals received minimal additional handling that included veterinary treatments and occasional relocation. Twenty-two foals born over the same time period served as controls. All 47 (25 trained, 22 control) foals were tested at 1 month of age. Only 20 were available for testing at 2 months of age, and nine were available at 3 months. Percentage change from baseline heart rate, time required to complete exposure to each stimulus (foals that were more reactive took longer) and the behavior of each foal during the introduction of each stimulus were recorded. Overall, the control foals tended to receive lower (better) behavioral scores at 1 and 2 months of age. Foals that underwent the training procedure tended to require less time to complete exposure to the stimulus and had lower heart rates during exposure to the stimuli at 1 and 2 months of age. By 3 months of age, there were no significant differences between trained and control foals for any measures. Early training was not efficacious in this study. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4331 | ||
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| Author | Spengler M.I.; Rasia M. | ||||
| Title | Influence of Plasma Proteins on Erythrocyte Aggregation in Three Mammalian Species | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2001 | Publication | Veterinary Research Communications | Abbreviated Journal | Vet.Res.Comm |
| Volume | 25 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 591-599 |
| Keywords | albumin – bovine – equine – erythrocyte aggregation – dextran – haemorheology – human – plasma protein – polyvinylpyrrolidone | ||||
| Abstract | The aggregation capacity of human erythrocytes lies between that of the non-aggregating bovine erythrocytes and the remarkably aggregating equine ones. As the ability to aggregate is attributed to cell factors and the composition of the plasma proteins, the role that plasma proteins play in the aggregation process in these three species was studied. Washed erythrocytes were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4, 300 mOsm/L) plus polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a suitable concentration to obtain an average intensity of aggregation (control media). The superimposed effect of replacing 80% of the medium by either autologous plasma, serum or albumin solution was studied. The plasma proteins appeared to enhance aggregation by human and equine erythrocytes, but impaired this process in bovine erythrocytes. Some evidence was obtained supporting the existence of serum factors capable of reducing aggregation of erythrocytes in cattle and it was concluded that the non-aggregating behaviour of bovine erythrocytes may be due to the cells interacting particularly with the macromolecules in the serum. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 2013 | ||
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| Author | Gibbs, P.G.; Cohen, N.D. | ||||
| Title | Early management of race-bred weanlings and yearlings on farms | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
2001 | Publication | Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Equine Vet. Sci. |
| Volume | 21 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 279-283 |
| Keywords | Equine, management, growth, nutrition, marketing | ||||
| Abstract | A total of 58 Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse farms that managed 1,987 weanlings and yearlings responded to a survey designed to better characterize early management of racing prospects. Average age at weaning was 5.5 months and over half of all farms kept almost three-fourths of all weanlings to be placed in pre-race training. Variation in feeding practices was evident and while well over half of all farms provided balanced nutrient supply to young horses, 20% to 40% likely fed unbalanced diets. An obvious preference existed for semi-confinement in young horses with plenty of free exercise. The majority of farms reported that young prospects were fed and managed for a moderate rate of growth. Forced exercise occurred to a much larger extent with yearlings than weanlings and 40% of farms described the footing as soft, but not deep. Response to the prevalence of developmental orthopedic diseases appeared somewhat guarded, and average injury rate was low on farms that attributed much of injury to horses playing too hard. Technological advancements such as photoperiod manipulation in broodmares were widely used, while valuable tools such as body condition scoring were utilized to a lesser extent. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5758 | ||
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| Author | Mizuguchi, M.; Arai, M.; Ke, Y.; Nitta, K.; Kuwajima, K. | ||||
| Title | Equilibrium and kinetics of the folding of equine lysozyme studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1998 | Publication | Journal of Molecular Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 283 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 265-277 |
| Keywords | equine lysozyme; protein folding; molten globule; stopped-flow; folding intermediate | ||||
| Abstract | The equilibrium unfolding and the kinetics of unfolding and refolding of equine lysozyme, a Ca2+-binding protein, were studied by means of circular dichroism spectra in the far and near-ultraviolet regions. The transition curves of the guanidine hydrochloride-induced unfolding measured at 230 nm and 292.5 nm, and for the apo and holo forms of the protein have shown that the unfolding is well represented by a three-state mechanism in which the molten globule state is populated as a stable intermediate. The molten globule state of this protein is more stable and more native-like than that of α-lactalbumin, a homologous protein of equine lysozyme. The kinetic unfolding and refolding of the protein were induced by concentration jumps of the denaturant and measured by stopped-flow circular dichroism. The observed unfolding and refolding curves both agreed well with a single-exponential function. However, in the kinetic refolding reactions below 3 M guanidine hydrochloride, a burst-phase change in the circular dichroism was present, and the burst-phase intermediate in the kinetic refolding is shown to be identical with the molten globule state observed in the equilibrium unfolding. Under a strongly native condition, virtually all the molecules of equine lysozyme transform the structure from the unfolded state into the molten globule, and the subsequent refolding takes place from the molten globule state. The transition state of folding, which may exist between the molten globule and the native states, was characterized by investigating the guanidine hydrochloride concentration-dependence of the rate constants of refolding and unfolding. More than 80% of the hydrophobic surface of the protein is buried in the transition state, so that it is much closer to the native state than to the molten globule in which only 36% of the surface is buried in the interior of the molecule. It is concluded that all the present results are best explained by a sequential model of protein folding, in which the molten globule state is an obligatory folding intermediate on the pathway of folding. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3990 | ||
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| Author | Pick, D.F.; Lovell, G.; Brown, S.; Dail, D. | ||||
| Title | Equine color perception revisited | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1994 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 42 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 61-65 |
| Keywords | Equine; Color perception; Dichromat | ||||
| Abstract | An attempt to replicate Grzimek (1952; Z. Tierpsychol., 27: 330-338) is reported where a Quarter-Horse mare chose between colored and gray stimuli for food reinforcement. Stimuli varied across a broad range of reflectance values. A double-blind procedure with additional controls for auditory, olfactory, tactile, and position cues was used. The subject could reliably discriminate blue (462 nm) vs. gray, and red (700 nm) vs. gray without regard to reflectance (P<0.001), but could not discriminate green (496 nm) vs. gray. It is suggested that horses are dichromats in a manner similar to swine and cattle. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4368 | ||
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| Author | Hutchinson, G.W.; Abba, S.A.; Mfitilodze, M.W. | ||||
| Title | Seasonal translation of equine strongyle infective larvae to herbage in tropical Australia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1989 | Publication | Veterinary Parasitology | Abbreviated Journal | Vet Parasitol |
| Volume | 33 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 251-263 |
| Keywords | Animals; Feces/*parasitology; Horses; Queensland; Seasons; Strongyle Infections, Equine/*parasitology; Strongyloidea/growth & development/*physiology; Strongylus/growth & development/*physiology; Tropical Climate | ||||
| Abstract | Longevity in faeces, migration to and survival on herbage of mixed strongyle infective larvae (approximately 70% cyathostomes: 30% large strongyles) from experimentally deposited horse faeces was studied in the dry tropical region of North Queensland for up to 2 years. Larvae were recovered from faeces deposited during hot dry weather for a maximum of 12 weeks, up to 32 weeks in cool conditions, but less than 8 weeks in hot wet summer. Translation to herbage was mainly limited to the hot wet season (December-March), except when unseasonal winter rainfall of 40-50 mm per month in July and August allowed some additional migration. Survival on pasture was estimated at 2-4 weeks in the summer wet season and 8-12 weeks in the autumn-winter dry season (April-August). Hot dry spring weather (pre-wet season) was the most unfavourable for larval development, migration and survival. Peak counts of up to 60,000 larvae kg-1 dry herbage were recorded. The seasonal nature of pasture contamination allowed the development of rational anthelmintic control programs based on larval ecology. | ||||
| Address | Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Australia | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0304-4017 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:2815535 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2672 | ||
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| Author | Hardy, J.L. | ||||
| Title | The ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Central Valley of California, 1945-1985 | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1987 | Publication | The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Trop Med Hyg |
| Volume | 37 | Issue | 3 Suppl | Pages | 18s-32s |
| Keywords | Aedes/microbiology; Animals; Birds; California; Culex/microbiology; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/*physiology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*history/microbiology/transmission/veterinary; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/history/transmission; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/microbiology; Mammals | ||||
| Abstract | Reeves' concept of the summer transmission cycle of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in 1945 was that the virus was amplified in a silent transmission cycle involving mosquitoes, domestic chickens, and possibly wild birds, from which it could be transmitted tangentially to and cause disease in human and equine populations. Extensive field and laboratory studies done since 1945 in the Central Valley of California have more clearly defined the specific invertebrate and vertebrate hosts involved in the basic virus transmission cycle, but the overall concept remains unchanged. The basic transmission cycle involves Culex tarsalis as the primary vector mosquito species and house finches and house sparrows as the primary amplifying hosts. Secondary amplifying hosts, upon which Cx. tarsalis frequently feeds, include other passerine species, chickens, and possibly pheasants in areas where they are abundant. Another transmission cycle that most likely is initiated from the Cx. tarsalis-wild bird cycle involves Aedes melanimon and the blacktail jackrabbit. Like humans and horses, California ground squirrels, western tree squirrels, and a few other wild mammal species become infected tangentially with the virus but do not contribute significantly to virus amplification. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biomedical and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720 | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0002-9637 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:3318522 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2677 | ||
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| Author | Berger, J | ||||
| Title | Wild horses of the Great Basin | Type | Book Whole | ||
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1986 | Publication | University of Chicago Press, | Abbreviated Journal | Univ. of Chic. Press |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | wildlife equine behaviour ecology | ||||
| Abstract | Describes the behavior of wild horses living in the Great Basin Desert of Nevada and discusses the role of the horses in the area's ecology | ||||
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| Publisher | University of Chicago Press | Place of Publication | Chicago | Editor | |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 0-226-04367-3 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 659 | ||
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