| Records |
| Author |
Heitkamp, H.C.; Horstmann, T.; Hillgeris, D. |
| Title |
[Riding injuries and injuries due to handling horses in experienced riders] |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year  |
1998 |
Publication |
Der Unfallchirurg |
Abbreviated Journal |
Unfallchirurg |
| Volume |
101 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
122-128 |
| Keywords |
Adult; Animals; Athletic Injuries/*epidemiology/etiology/surgery; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Fractures, Bone/epidemiology/etiology/surgery; Germany/epidemiology; *Horses; Humans; Incidence; Male; Multiple Trauma/epidemiology/etiology/surgery; Risk Factors |
| Abstract |
A group of experienced riders who qualified for the German riding badge 9.5 years ago answered a questionnaire pertaining to injuries during jumping, dressage and cross-country riding, as well as handling the horse. During riding 69% of the persons had had 187 injuries and while handling the horse 52% had had 124 injuries. Fractures and contusions were the most-frequent injuries; most riding injuries were located in the upper extremities and shoulder while handling mainly in the hands and feet. The number of injuries was comparable in jumping, dressage or cross-country riding. The time engaged in jumping was about one-third of the other types of riding, but the injuries were more severe. While handling the horse the number of injuries relative to the time spent during the activity were higher but less complicated. No change in safety precautions had been implemented by 67% of the persons injured. The injury rate for equestrians is relatively low both in handling the horse and during riding. The frequent fractures and contusions may be reduced by following the required safety regulations. |
| Address |
Abteilung Sportmedizin, Universitat Tubingen |
| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
German |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
Reitverletzungen und Verletzungen beim Umgang mit Pferden bei erfahrenen Reitern |
| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0177-5537 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:9553480 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3735 |
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| Author |
Birch, H.L.; Bailey, A.J.; Goodship, A.E. |
| Title |
Macroscopic 'degeneration' of equine superficial digital flexor tendon is accompanied by a change in extracellular matrix composition |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
| Volume |
30 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
534-539 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Collagen/analysis; DNA/analysis; Extracellular Matrix/*chemistry; Glycosaminoglycans/analysis; Horses/injuries/*physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Rupture/veterinary; Tendon Injuries/metabolism/pathology/veterinary; Tendons/chemistry/*pathology; Water/analysis |
| Abstract |
Injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon are common in horses required to gallop and jump at speed. Partial rupture of this tendon usually occurs in the central core of the midmetacarpal region and may be preceded by localised degenerative changes. Post mortem examination of apparently normal equine flexor tendons has revealed an abnormal macroscopic appearance in the central core, characterised by a reddish discolouration. We have previously shown that there is also physical damage to the collagen fibres. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the abnormal appearance is accompanied by changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix of the tendon. Biochemical analysis of the extracellular matrix demonstrated an increase in total sulphated glycosaminoglycan content, increase in the proportion of type III collagen and decrease in collagen linked fluorescence in the central core of 'degenerated' tendons relative to tissue from the peripheral region of the same tendon. Dry matter content and total collagen content were not significantly different between tendon zones or normal and 'degenerated' tendons. These changes suggest a change in cell metabolism and matrix turnover in the central core of the tendon and are likely to contribute to a decrease in mechanical properties in this part of the tendon, predisposing to the characteristic partial rupture of the tendon. |
| Address |
Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK |
| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0425-1644 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:9844973 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3794 |
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| Author |
Gilmanshin, R.; Callender, R.H.; Dyer, R.B. |
| Title |
The core of apomyoglobin E-form folds at the diffusion limit |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Nature Structural Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nat Struct Biol |
| Volume |
5 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
363-365 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Apoproteins/*chemistry; Diffusion; Horses; Myoglobin/*chemistry; *Protein Folding; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Temperature |
| Abstract |
The E-form of apomyoglobin has been characterized using infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies, revealing a compact core with native like contacts, most probably consisting of 15-20 residues of the A, G and H helices of apomyoglobin. Fast temperature-jump, time-resolved infrared measurements reveal that the core is formed within 96 micros at 46 degrees C, close to the diffusion limit for loop formation. Remarkably, the folding pathway of the E-form is such that the formation of a limited number of native-like contacts is not rate limiting, or that the contacts form on the same time scale expected for diffusion controlled loop formation. |
| Address |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1072-8368 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:9586997 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3795 |
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| Author |
Gatta, D.; Baragli, P.; Ferrarini, N.; Ciattini, F.; Sighieri, C.; Colombani, B. |
| Title |
Fitness evaluation in endurance horses by standardised exercise test on treadmill |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Ippologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Valutazione dello stato di allenamento del cavallo da endurance mediante test standardizzato su trea |
| Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
57-69 |
| Keywords |
Endurance; Horses; Treadmill |
| Abstract |
Endurance horses, like marathon runners, undertake sub-maximal, longterm physical exercises and in both cases thermoregulation plays a critical role. A standardised sub-maximal treadmill test was used to assess fitness and training state in endurance horses. Literature reports that trained human athletes dissipate head load better than not trained ones; in this study parameters related to thermoregulation were recorded together with other haematologic and metabolic ones. Six endurance horses, divided into two groups according to their training state, performed two submaximal tests at a distance of one week. Blood samples were collected at rest, during exercise, at the end and during recovery (10, 30 and 60 minutes after work). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal (RT) and skin (ST) temperatures were monitored through the exercise (and recovery for HR). HR resulted significantly lower (P<0.01) in trained horses than in untrained ones, especially during recovery. Also rectal and skin temperatures resulted significantly lower (P<0.05) in trained horses and ST increased more gradually during exercise. The values of haematocrit and haemoglobin resulted significantly lower (P<0.05) at rest, during exercise and recovery samples. In this study, the parameters related to thermoregulation, in accordance with data from human athletes, resulted significantly different in trained and untrained horses, while other parameters didn't vary significantly between the two groups. Thermoregulatory responses to exercise-generated heat load in a standardised test, studied by simple parameters, can thus offer useful information about fitness and training state of endurance horses. |
| Address |
Dipto. Anat., Biochim. Fisiol. Vet., Univ. degli Studi di Pisa |
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Thesis |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
Cited By (since 1996): 2; Export Date: 13 November 2008; Source: Scopus |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4655 |
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| Author |
Kronfeld, D.S.; Custalow, S.E.; Ferrante, P.L.; Taylor, L.E.; Wilson, J.A.; Tiegs, W. |
| Title |
Acid-base responses of fat-adapted horses: relevance to hard work in the heat |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
59 |
Issue |
1-3 |
Pages |
61-72 |
| Keywords |
Acid-base; Strong ion difference; pCO2; Exercise; Fat adaptation; Corn oil; Ambient heat; Horse |
| Abstract |
Feeding and training may affect acid-base responses to strenuous exercise. Acidosis usually correlates with higher blood lactate concentrations during intense exercise, but alkalosis has been found in several studies of horses, and higher lactate responses during sprints have been found in fat adapted horses. To elucidate these unexpected findings, we applied a comprehensive physicochemical approach to evaluate acid-base responses during exercise in fat adapted horses. In incremental tests and repeated sprints, changes in blood [H+] were dependent upon corresponding changes in pCO2 but not strong ion difference (SID, the algebraic sum of ions of sodium, potassium, chloride and lactate). The influence of changes in [Lac-] were largely offset by changes in [Na+], [K+] and [Cl-], so that SID was unchanged and did not contribute to the exercise induced acidemia, so it may be inaccurate to term this a lacticacidosis. During repeated sprints, central venous [H+] increased (acidosis) but arterial [H+] decreased (alkalosis). These changes were consistent with concurrent changes in venous and arterial pCO2 but not SID. Fat adaptation decreased mixed venous pCO2 during repeated sprints, which is consistent with the lower respiratory quotient associated with fat oxidation. Less pulmonary work to eliminate CO2 could benefit horses under hot and humid conditions, especially those with mildly reduced pulmonary function. The blood lactate response was decreased during aerobic tests but increased during anaerobic tests on fat adapted horses. Fat adaptation appears to facilitate the metabolic regulation of glycolysis, by sparing glucose and glycogen at work of low intensity, but by promoting glycolysis when power is needed for high intensity exercise. The blood lactate response to repeated sprints was increased more by the combination of fat adaptation and oral supplementation of sodium bicarbonate than by the sum of the responses to fat alone or bicarbonate alone. This synergism suggests that need for further studies of the interaction of fat adaptation with dietary cation-anion balance, especially under hot conditions. These results integrate harmoniously with previous findings of lower feed intake and fecal output, lower loads of heat and CO2, lower water losses in the feces and by evaporation, and less spontaneous activity and reactivity in fat adapted horses. Thus fat adaptation confers several advantages on horses and presumably other equids used for hard work, especially in the heat. |
| Address |
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Thesis |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0168-1591 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4832 |
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| Author |
Oakenfull, E.A.; Ryder, O.A. |
| Title |
Mitochondrial control region and 12S rRNA variation in Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Animal Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim Genet |
| Volume |
29 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
456-459 |
| Keywords |
Animals; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics; Female; *Genetic Variation; Horses/*genetics; Male; Pedigree; RNA, Ribosomal/*genetics |
| Abstract |
Variation in the control region and the 12S rRNA gene of all surviving mitochondrial lineages of Przewalski's horse was investigated. Variation is low despite the present day population being descended from 13 individuals probably representing animals from three different regions of its range. Phylogenetic comparison of these sequences, with sequences for the domestic horse, does not resolve the ancestral status of either horse. |
| Address |
Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, CA 92112, USA |
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Thesis |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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| Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0268-9146 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:9883508 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5040 |
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| Author |
Lindberg, A.C.; Kelland, A.; Nicol, C.J. |
| Title |
Effects of observational learning on acquisition of an operant response in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
61 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
187-199 |
| Keywords |
Horse; Observational learning; Stereotyped behaviour; Operant behaviour; Breed influence; Age influence |
| Abstract |
The effect of observational learning on the acquisition of an operant response was examined in eighteen riding horses and ponies. The test horses were randomly divided into three groups of six and individually exposed to one of three treatments. An additional horse was trained as a demonstrator, to perform the operant response. The observer horses watched either the demonstrator performing the bin-opening response (Group D+B); the demonstrator standing passively (Group D); or the operant bin in the absence of the demonstrator (Group B). Observers had access to and were free to interact with an identical bin during testing. Observers in Groups D+B and D were socially familiar with the demonstrator. Each test horse was tested once a day for 10 days. An ANOVA revealed no significant differences between treatment groups in the number of responses or the time taken to reach the learning criterion. However, there were highly significant differences between breed types, with non-warmbloods performing more bouts of opening the bin and feeding (p=0.02), feeding from the bin sooner (p=0.01) and reaching the criterion for learning sooner than warmbloods (p=0.05). There was also a significant negative linear relationship between horses' ages and time spent investigating the bin, with younger horses performing more investigative behaviour (y=-3.08x+106.86; p=0.02). |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Issue |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
562 |
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| Author |
Harman, A.M.; Moore, S.; Hoskins, R.; Keller, P. |
| Title |
Horse vision and an explanation for the visual behaviour originally explained by the 'ramp retina' |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
384-390 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cell Count; Eye/*anatomy & histology; Ganglia, Sensory/cytology; Horses/*physiology; Refractive Errors/veterinary; Retina/cytology/*physiology; Vision/*physiology; Visual Acuity; Visual Fields |
| Abstract |
Here we provide confirmation that the 'ramp retina' of the horse, once thought to result in head rotating visual behaviour, does not exist. We found a 9% variation in axial length of the eye between the streak region and the dorsal periphery. However, the difference was in the opposite direction to that proposed for the 'ramp retina'. Furthermore, acuity in the narrow, intense visual streak in the inferior retina is 16.5 cycles per degree compared with 2.7 cycles per degree in the periphery. Therefore, it is improbable that the horse rotates its head to focus onto the peripheral retina. Rather, the horse rotates the nose up high to observe distant objects because binocular overlap is oriented down the nose, with a blind area directly in front of the forehead. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0425-1644 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:10505953 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
836 |
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| Author |
Macuda, T.; Timney, B. |
| Title |
Luminance and chromatic discrimination in the horse (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
44 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
301-307 |
| Keywords |
Colour vision; Chromatic discrimination; Luminance discrimination; Horse |
| Abstract |
Equine colour vision was measured under conditions that minimised the possibility of animals using brightness cues to make chromatic discriminations. In a two-stage study, we first obtained luminance discrimination functions for achromatic targets then tested for chromatic discrimination over a range of target luminances. Horses were trained on a two-choice discrimination task. The positive stimulus was varied in luminance and/or colour using neutral density and broad band colour filters. The negative stimulus appeared as a uniform grey. In the brightness discrimination task, the horses performed well at large luminance differences but their percentage of correct responses declined to near chance levels at differences of less than 0.2 log units. In addition, a decrement in performance was noted at luminance differences of less than 0.2 log units for green and yellow chromatic discrimination functions, suggesting that horses cannot easily discriminate yellow and green from grey. However, the chromatic discrimination functions for red and blue showed that animals performed very well across the full range of target luminances. These results suggest that horses are at least dichromats. |
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Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
844 |
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| Author |
Smith, S.; Goldman, L. |
| Title |
Color discrimination in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
62 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
13-25 |
| Keywords |
Horses; Vision; Color; Discrimination; Behavior |
| Abstract |
Four Arabian horses and one Thoroughbred were presented with a series of two-choice color vs. gray discrimination problems. Testing was done in a stall containing a wall with two translucent panels that were illuminated from behind by light projected through color or gray filters to provide the discriminative stimuli. Horses first learned to push one of the panels in order to receive the food reward behind the positive stimulus in an achromatic light-dark discrimination task, and were then tested on their ability to discriminate between gray and four individual colors: red (617 nm), yellow (581 nm), green (538 nm), and blue (470 nm). The criterion for learning was set at 85% correct responses, and final testing for all color vs. gray discriminations involved grays of varying intensities, making brightness an irrelevant cue. Three subjects were tested with all four colors. Two of those subjects successfully reached the criterion for learning on all four color vs. gray discriminations, while the third reached criterion with red and blue, but performed at chance levels for yellow and green. A fourth horse was only tested with green and yellow, and a fifth only with blue, and both of those horses successfully reached criterion on the discriminations they attempted. With the exception of the one subject's poor performance with yellow and green, there was no significant difference between horses on any of the discrimination tasks, and no significant difference in their performance with different colors. The results suggest that horses have color vision that is at least dichromatic, although partial color-blindness may occur in some individuals. |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
850 |
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