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Author |
Connor, R.C. |
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Title |
Altruism among non-relatives: alternatives to the 'Prisoner's Dilemma' |
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1995 |
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Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends Ecol Evol |
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10 |
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2 |
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84-86 |
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Triver's model of reciprocal altruism, and its descendants based on the Prisoner's Dilemma model, have dominated thinking about cooperation and altruism between non-relatives. However, there are three alternative models of altruism directed to non-relatives. These models, which are not based on the Prisoner's Dilemma, may explain a variety of phenomena, from allogrooming among impala to helping by non-relatives in cooperatively breeding birds and mammals. |
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Division of Biological Sciences and The Michigan Society of Fellows, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, 48109, USA |
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English |
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0169-5347 |
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PMID:21236964 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5407 |
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Author |
Clutton-Brock, J. |
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Title |
Origins of the dog: domestication and early history |
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1995 |
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The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge |
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Serpell, J.A. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Clutton-Brock1995 |
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6247 |
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Author |
Dellert, B.; Ganslosser, U. |
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Title |
Experimental alterations of food distribution in two species of captive equids (Equus burchelli and E. hemionus kulan) |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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Ethology Ecology & Evolution (EEE) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethol Ecol Evol |
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9 |
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1 |
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1-17 |
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n one group each of Plains zebra (six mares, one foal, one subadult) and Asiatic wild asses (seven mares, two foals) at Nuremberg Zoo, food distribution was experimentally changed from clumped (all food in one standard hay rack) to dispersed (one heap per animal). Both groups were characterized by different social structures, which basically remained during the experiment. Plains zebras had an individually structured system of social relationships in a dominance order, wild asses a more egalitarian system without clear-cut rank differences and low frequencies of agonistic interactions. Access to food accordingly was individually (but consistently) different for zebra mares, almost equal for wild ass mares. During the dispersed feeding situation frequencies of agonistic interactions in both species decreased (however non-significantly), individual distances increased but mares also frequently ''visited'' each others' heaps. Feeding time increased for all wild ass mares. Some individuals (in both groups) behaved ''against the trend'' in agonistic behaviour. The results are discussed with regard to food distribution for ungulates in general, and equid social systems. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2292 |
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Author |
Giraldeau, Luc-Alain |
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Title |
The ecology of information use |
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1997 |
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Behavioural ecology : an evolutionary approach |
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Blackwell Science |
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Cambridge, Mass. |
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Krebs, J.R.; Davies, N.B. |
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0865427313 9780865427310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 35114973 |
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4277 |
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Huber, R.; van Staaden, M.J.; Kaufman, L.S.; Liem, K.F. |
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Microhabitat Use, Trophic Patterns, and the Evolution of Brain Structure in African Cichlids |
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1997 |
Publication |
Brain, Behavior and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Behav Evol |
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50 |
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3 |
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167-182 |
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The species assemblages of cichlids in the three largest African Great Lakes are among the richest concentrations of vertebrate species on earth. The faunas are broadly similar in terms of trophic diversity, species richness, rates of endemism, and taxonomic composition, yet they are historically independent of each other. Hence, they offer a true and unique evolutionary experiment to test hypotheses concerning the mutual dependencies of ecology and brain morphology. We examined the brains of 189 species of cichlids from the three large lakes: Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi. A first paper demonstrated that patterns of evolutionary change in cichlid brain morphology are similar across taxonomic boundaries as well as across the three lakes [van Staaden et al., 1995 ZACS 98: 165–178]. Here we report a close relationship between the relative sizes of various brain structures and variables related to the utilization of habitat and prey. Causality is difficult to assign in this context, nonetheless, prey size and agility, turbidity levels, depth, and substrate complexity are all highly predictive of variation in brain structure. Areas associated with primary sensory functions such as vision and taste relate significantly to differences in feeding habits. Turbidity and depth are closely associated with differences in eye size, and large eyes are associated with species that pick plankton from the water column. Piscivorous taxa and others that utilize motile prey are characterized by a well developed optic tectum and a large cerebellum compared to species that prey on molluscs or plants. Structures relating to taste are well developed in species feeding on benthos over muddy or sandy substrates. The data militated against the existence of compensatory changes in brain structure. Thus enhanced development of a particular function is generally not accompanied by a parallel reduction of structures related to other modalities. Although genetic and environmental influences during ontogeny of the brain cannot be isolated, this study provides a rich source of hypotheses concerning the way the nervous system functions under various environmental conditions and how it has responded to natural selection. |
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0006-8977 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5454 |
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Author |
Dunbar, Robin I. M. |
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Title |
The social brain hypothesis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Anthropol. |
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6 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
178-190 |
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brain size – neocortex – social brain hypothesis – social skills – mind reading – primates |
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Conventional wisdom over the past 160 years in the cognitive and neurosciences has assumed that brains evolved to process factual information about the world. Most attention has therefore been focused on such features as pattern recognition, color vision, and speech perception. By extension, it was assumed that brains evolved to deal with essentially ecological problem-solving tasks. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Robin Dunbar is Professor of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioural Ecology at the University of Liverpool, England. His research primarily focuses on the behavioral ecology of ungulates and human and nonhuman primates, and on the cognitive mechanisms and brain components that underpin the decisions that animals make. He runs a large research group, with graduate students working on many different species on four continents. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4371 |
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Author |
Connor, R.C.; Mann, J.; Tyack, P.L.; Whitehead, H. |
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Title |
Social evolution in toothed whales |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Ecol. Evol |
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13 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
228-232 |
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odontocetes; toothed whales; social evolution; communication; bottlenose dolphins; sperm whales; long-term studies; foraging |
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Two contrasting results emerge from comparisons of the social systems of several odontocetes with terrestrial mammals. Researchers have identified remarkable convergence in prominent features of the social systems of odontocetes such as the sperm whale and bottlenose dolphin with a few well-known terrestrial mammals such as the elephant and chimpanzee. In contrast, studies on killer whales and Baird's beaked whale reveal novel social solutions to aquatic living. The combination of convergent and novel features in odontocete social systems promise a more general understanding of the ecological determinants of social systems in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats, as well as the relationship between relative brain size and social evolution. |
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0169-5347 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4789 |
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Author |
Potts, R. |
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Title |
Variability selection in hominid evolution |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
Publication |
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Anthropol. |
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7 |
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3 |
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81-96 |
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variability selection; hominids; environment; adaptation; natural selection; evolution |
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Variability selection (abbreviated as VS) is a process considered to link adaptive change to large degrees of environment variability. Its application to hominid evolution is based, in part, on the pronounced rise in environmental remodeling that took place over the past several million years. The VS hypothesis differs from prior views of hominid evolution, which stress the consistent selective effects associated with specific habitats or directional trends (e.g., woodland, savanna expansion, cooling). According to the VS hypothesis, wide fluctuations over time created a growing disparity in adaptive conditions. Inconsistency in selection eventually caused habitat-specific adaptations to be replaced by structures and behaviors responsive to complex environmental change. Key hominid adaptations, in fact, emerged during times of heightened variability. Early bipedality, encephalized brains, and complex human sociality appear to signify a sequence of VS adaptations—i.e., a ratcheting up of versatility and responsiveness to novel environments experienced over the past 6 million years. The adaptive results of VS cannot be extrapolated from selection within a single environmental shift or relatively stable habitat. If some complex traits indeed require disparities in adaptive setting (and relative fitness) in order to evolve, the VS idea counters the prevailing view that adaptive change necessitates long-term, directional consistency in selection. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |
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1520-6505 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5461 |
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Author |
Czaran, T. |
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Game theory and evolutionary ecology: Evolutionary Games & Population Dynamics by J. Hofbauer and K. Sigmund, and Game Theory & Animal Behaviour, edited by L.A. Dugatkin and H.K. Reeve |
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1999 |
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Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Ecol. Evol |
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14 |
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6 |
Pages |
246-247 |
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Game theory; Evolutionary ecology; Population dynamics; Ethology |
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refbase @ user @ |
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485 |
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Taberlet, P.; Waits, L.P.; Luikart, G. |
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Title |
Noninvasive genetic sampling: look before you leap |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends Ecol. Evol |
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14 |
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8 |
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323-327 |
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Hairs; Feces; Feathers; Allelic dropout; Individual identification; Conservation genetics; Behavioural ecology; Pilot study; Microsatellites; Probability of identity |
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Noninvasive sampling allows genetic studies of free-ranging animals without the need to capture or even observe them, and thus allows questions to be addressed that cannot be answered using conventional methods. Initially, this sampling strategy promised to exploit fully the existing DNA-based technology for studies in ethology, conservation biology and population genetics. However, recent work now indicates the need for a more cautious approach, which includes quantifying the genotyping error rate. Despite this, many of the difficulties of noninvasive sampling will probably be overcome with improved methodology. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6573 |
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