| Records |
| Author |
Gácsi, M.; Miklósi, Á.; Varga, O.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V. |
| Title |
Are readers of our face readers of our minds? Dogs (Canis familiaris) show situation-dependent recognition of human's attention |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year  |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
144-153 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Association Learning; *Attention; Bonding, Human-Pet; Cognition; *Concept Formation; Cues; Dogs/*psychology; *Facial Expression; Female; Humans; Male; *Nonverbal Communication; *Recognition (Psychology); Social Behavior |
| Abstract |
The ability of animals to use behavioral/facial cues in detection of human attention has been widely investigated. In this test series we studied the ability of dogs to recognize human attention in different experimental situations (ball-fetching game, fetching objects on command, begging from humans). The attentional state of the humans was varied along two variables: (1) facing versus not facing the dog; (2) visible versus non-visible eyes. In the first set of experiments (fetching) the owners were told to take up different body positions (facing or not facing the dog) and to either cover or not cover their eyes with a blindfold. In the second set of experiments (begging) dogs had to choose between two eating humans based on either the visibility of the eyes or direction of the face. Our results show that the efficiency of dogs to discriminate between “attentive” and “inattentive” humans depended on the context of the test, but they could rely on the orientation of the body, the orientation of the head and the visibility of the eyes. With the exception of the fetching-game situation, they brought the object to the front of the human (even if he/she turned his/her back towards the dog), and preferentially begged from the facing (or seeing) human. There were also indications that dogs were sensitive to the visibility of the eyes because they showed increased hesitative behavior when approaching a blindfolded owner, and they also preferred to beg from the person with visible eyes. We conclude that dogs are able to rely on the same set of human facial cues for detection of attention, which form the behavioral basis of understanding attention in humans. Showing the ability of recognizing human attention across different situations dogs proved to be more flexible than chimpanzees investigated in similar circumstances. |
| Address |
Comparative Ethology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pazmany P. 1/c., 1117, Budapest, Hungary. gm.art@axelero.hu |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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| Notes |
PMID:14669075 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2547 |
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| Author |
Murai, C.; Tomonaga, M.; Kamegai, K.; Terazawa, N.; Yamaguchi, M.K. |
| Title |
Do infant Japanese macaques ( Macaca fuscata) categorize objects without specific training? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
| Volume |
45 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-6 |
| Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Cognition; *Concept Formation; *Generalization, Stimulus; Japan; Macaca/*psychology; Male |
| Abstract |
In the present study, we examined whether infant Japanese macaques categorize objects without any training, using a similar technique also used with human infants (the paired-preference method). During the familiarization phase, subjects were presented twice with two pairs of different objects from one global-level category. During the test phase, they were presented twice with a pair consisting of a novel familiar-category object and a novel global-level category object. The subjects were tested with three global-level categories (animal, furniture, and vehicle). It was found that they showed significant novelty preferences as a whole, indicating that they processed similarities between familiarization objects and novel familiar-category objects. These results suggest that subjects responded distinctively to objects without training, indicating the possibility that infant macaques possess the capacity for categorization. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. cmurai@bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp |
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0032-8332 |
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| Notes |
PMID:14505179 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2813 |
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| Author |
Gould, J.L. |
| Title |
Animal cognition |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Current Biology : CB |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr Biol |
| Volume |
14 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
R372-5 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Awareness; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Concept Formation; Decision Making; Instinct; Intelligence/*physiology; Learning/*physiology; Species Specificity |
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| Address |
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA. gould@princeton.edu |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0960-9822 |
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| Notes |
PMID:15186759 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4169 |
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| Author |
Call, J.; Brauer, J.; Kaminski, J.; Tomasello, M. |
| Title |
Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are sensitive to the attentional state of humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
| Volume |
117 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
257-263 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; *Attention; *Bonding, Human-Pet; *Concept Formation; Cues; Dogs/*psychology; Female; Humans; *Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Nonverbal Communication |
| Abstract |
Twelve domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were given a series of trials in which they were forbidden to take a piece of visible food. In some trials, the human continued to look at the dog throughout the trial (control condition), whereas in others, the human (a) left the room, (b) turned her back, (c) engaged in a distracting activity, or (d) closed her eyes. Dogs behaved in clearly different ways in most of the conditions in which the human did not watch them compared with the control condition, in which she did. In particular, when the human looked at them, dogs retrieved less food, approached it in a more indirect way, and sat (as opposed to laid down) more often than in the other conditions. Results are discussed in terms of domestic dogs' social-cognitive skills and their unique evolutionary and ontogenetic histories. |
| Address |
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. call@eva.mpg.de |
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Place of Publication |
Washington, D.C. : 1983 |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0735-7036 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:14498801 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
713 |
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| Author |
Horowitz, A.C. |
| Title |
Do humans ape? Or do apes human? Imitation and intention in humans (Homo sapiens) and other animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
| Volume |
117 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
325-336 |
| Keywords |
Adolescent; Adult; Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Child, Preschool; Concept Formation; Female; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Motivation; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Problem Solving; *Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Species Specificity |
| Abstract |
A. Whiten, D. M. Custance, J.-C. Gomez, P. Teixidor, and K. A. Bard (1996) tested chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) and human children's (Homo sapiens) skills at imitation with a 2-action test on an “artificial fruit.” Chimpanzees imitated to a restricted degree; children were more thoroughly imitative. Such results prompted some to assert that the difference in imitation indicates a difference in the subjects' understanding of the intentions of the demonstrator (M. Tomasello, 1996). In this experiment, 37 adult human subjects were tested with the artificial fruit. Far from being perfect imitators, the adults were less imitative than the children. These results cast doubt on the inference from imitative performance to an ability to understand others' intentions. The results also demonstrate how any test of imitation requires a control group and attention to the level of behavioral analysis. |
| Address |
Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. ahorowitz@crl.ucsd.edu |
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Place of Publication |
Washington, D.C. : 1983 |
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English |
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Edition |
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0735-7036 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:14498809 |
Approved |
yes |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
736 |
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| Author |
Kuroshima, H.; Fujita, K.; Adachi, I.; Iwata, K.; Fuyuki, A. |
| Title |
A Capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) recognizes when people do and do not know the location of food |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
283-291 |
| Keywords |
Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Cebus/*psychology; *Communication; Concept Formation; *Cues; *Discrimination Learning; Feeding Behavior/*psychology; Female; Intention; Male; Social Identification; Transfer (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
In a previous study, Kuroshima and colleagues demonstrated that capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) learned to discriminate between a “knower” who inspected a box for food, and a “guesser” who did not. The aim of the present study was to specify whether the subjects learned a simple conditional discrimination or a causal relationship that seeing leads to knowing. In experiment 1, we introduced five types of novel containers to two subjects. Each container was of different shape and color. The subjects gradually learned to reach toward the container the knower suggested. In experiment 2, we diversified the behavior of the knower and the guesser. In experiment 3, in order to eliminate the possibility of discrimination based on differences in the magnitude and the complexity of two trainers, we equated their behaviors. One subject adapted to the novel behaviors of the knower and the guesser, successfully discriminating the two trainers. Thus this monkey clearly learned to use the inspecting action of the knower and the non-inspecting action of the guesser as a discriminative cue to recognize the baited container. This result suggests that one capuchin monkey learned to recognize the relationship between seeing and knowing. |
| Address |
Graduate School of Letters, Department of Psychology, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan. kuroshi@psy.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1435-9448 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:12905080 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2558 |
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| Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Galizio, M.; Critchfied, T.S. |
| Title |
Categorization, concept learning, and behavior analysis: an introduction |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
| Volume |
78 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
237-248 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Association Learning; *Concept Formation; *Discrimination Learning; Humans; Language |
| Abstract |
Categorization and concept learning encompass some of the most important aspects of behavior, but historically they have not been central topics in the experimental analysis of behavior. To introduce this special issue of the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB), we define key terms; distinguish between the study of concepts and the study of concept learning; describe three types of concept learning characterized by the stimulus classes they yield; and briefly identify several other themes (e.g., quantitative modeling and ties to language) that appear in the literature. As the special issue demonstrates, a surprising amount and diversity of work is being conducted that either represents a behavior-analytic perspective or can inform or constructively challenge this perspective. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu |
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English |
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0022-5002 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:12507002 |
Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
236 |
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| Author |
Reichmuth Kastak, C.; Schusterman, R.J. |
| Title |
Long-term memory for concepts in a California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
5 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
225-232 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Concept Formation; Female; Memory/*physiology; Mental Processes; Sea Lions/physiology/*psychology; Time Factors |
| Abstract |
An adult California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus) with extensive experience in performing discrimination learning tasks was tested to evaluate her long-term memory for two previously learned concepts. An associative concept, that of equivalence classification, was retested after a retention interval of approximately 1 year. The sea lion had originally shown emergent equivalence classification with nonsimilarity-based classes of stimuli in a simple discrimination repeated-reversal procedure as well as in a matching-to-sample procedure. The 1-year memory test revealed no decrement in classification performance in either procedure. A relational concept, that of generalized identity matching, was retested after approximately 10 years. The sea lion had originally received trial-and-error exemplar training with identity matching-to-sample problems prior to transferring the concept to novel stimulus configurations. In the 10-year memory test, the sea lion immediately and reliably applied the previously established identity concept to familiar and novel sets of matching problems. These are the first reports of long-term conceptual memory in a nonprimate species. The experimental findings are consistent with a variety of observations of sea lions in natural settings, which indicate that natal sites, feeding areas, and individuals may be remembered over long periods of time. |
| Address |
Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA. coll@cats.ucsc.edu |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:12461600 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2590 |
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| Author |
Flannery, B. |
| Title |
Relational discrimination learning in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
54 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
267-280 |
| Keywords |
Horses; Shaping; Complex discrimination; Concept formation; Generalization ability; Training |
| Abstract |
This series of studies investigated horses' ability to learn the concept of sameness under several different conditions. Before experimentation began, three horses were shaped to touch individually presented stimuli with their muzzles, and then to make two responses to two matching cards from an array of three. A modified version of the identity matching-to-sample (IMTS) procedure was used to present stimuli in a variety of configural arrangements on a barn wall (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2), and on a flat panel mounted to a barn door (Experiment 3). The task in each experiment was to select the two stimulus cards that were the same (either circles or Xs) and to avoid the nonmatching stimulus card (either a star or a square). In Experiment 1, the mean accuracy rate for selecting the matching alternatives was 74%. The horses' accuracy levels reached a mean level of 83% during Experiment 2, in which they received additional trials and an intermittent secondary reinforcement schedule. In Experiment 3, when the stimuli were moved further apart from each other within arrangements and were presented on a novel background, the mean accuracy rate was 73%. These data demonstrate that horses can learn complex discrimination problems involving the concept of sameness, and that they are able to generalize this learning to a novel stimulus presentation situation. These results also suggest that a relational discrimination test may be useful for assessing horses' learning ability and the level of training appropriate for individual horses. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3557 |
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| Author |
Parker, S.T. |
| Title |
A general model for the adaptive function of self-knowledge in animals and humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
75-86 |
| Keywords |
*Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Awareness; Concept Formation; Evolution; Humans; Phylogeny; *Self Concept; Species Specificity |
| Abstract |
This article offers a general definition of self-knowledge that embraces all forms and levels of self-knowledge in animals and humans. It is hypothesized that various levels of self-knowledge constitute an ordinal scale such that each species in a lineage displays the forms of self-knowledge found in related species as well as new forms it and its sister species may have evolved. Likewise, it is hypothesized that these various forms of levels of self-knowledge develop in the sequence in which they evolved. Finally, a general hypothesis for the functional significance of self-knowledge is proposed along with subhypotheses regarding the adaptive significance of various levels of self-knowledge in mammals including human and nonhuman primates. The general hypothesis is that self-knowledge serves as a standard for assessing the qualities of conspecifics compared to those of the self. Such assessment is crucial to deciding among alternative reproductive and subsistence strategies. The qualities that are assessed, which vary across taxa, range from the size and strength of the self to its mathematical or musical abilities. This so-called assessment model of self-knowledge is based on evolutionary biological models for social selection and the role of assessment in animal communication. |
| Address |
Anthropology Department, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA. Parker@Sonoma.edu |
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English |
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Edition |
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1053-8100 |
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| Notes |
PMID:9170562 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4160 |
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