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| Author | Connor, R.C. | ||||
| Title | Altruism among non-relatives: alternatives to the 'Prisoner's Dilemma' | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year  |
1995 | Publication | Trends in Ecology & Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | Trends Ecol Evol |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 84-86 |
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| Abstract | Triver's model of reciprocal altruism, and its descendants based on the Prisoner's Dilemma model, have dominated thinking about cooperation and altruism between non-relatives. However, there are three alternative models of altruism directed to non-relatives. These models, which are not based on the Prisoner's Dilemma, may explain a variety of phenomena, from allogrooming among impala to helping by non-relatives in cooperatively breeding birds and mammals. | ||||
| Address | Division of Biological Sciences and The Michigan Society of Fellows, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, 48109, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0169-5347 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:21236964 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5407 | ||
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| Author | Grubb, T.L.; Foreman, J.H.; Benson, G.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Constable, P.D.; Olson, W.O.; Davis, L.E. | ||||
| Title | Hemodynamic effects of calcium gluconate administered to conscious horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1996 | Publication | Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine | Abbreviated Journal | J Vet Intern Med |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 401-404 |
| Keywords | Animals; Blood Pressure/drug effects/physiology; Calcium/blood; Calcium Gluconate/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Cardiac Output/drug effects/physiology; Consciousness/*physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Heart Rate/drug effects/physiology; Hemodynamic Processes/*drug effects/physiology; Horses/blood/*physiology; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/physiology; Respiration/drug effects/physiology; Stroke Volume/drug effects/physiology; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | Calcium gluconate was administered to conscious horses at 3 different rates (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg/min for 15 minutes each). Serum calcium concentrations and parameters of cardiovascular function were evaluated. All 3 calcium administration rates caused marked increases in both ionized and total calcium concentrations, cardiac index, stroke index, and cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax). Mean arterial pressure and right atrial pressure were unchanged; heart rate decreased markedly during calcium administration. Ionized calcium concentration remained between 54% and 57% of total calcium concentration throughout the study. We conclude that calcium gluconate can safely be administered to conscious horses at 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg/min and that administration will result in improved cardiac function. | ||||
| Address | Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0891-6640 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8947873 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 97 | ||
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| Author | Akins, C.K.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Imitative learning in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) using the two-action method | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1996 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 110 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 316-320 |
| Keywords | Animals; Appetitive Behavior; *Attention; *Coturnix; *Imitative Behavior; Male; *Motivation; Transfer (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | The study of imitative learning in animals has suffered from the presence of a number of confounding motivational and attentional factors (e.g., social facilitation and stimulus enhancement). The two-action method avoids these problems by exposing observers to demonstrators performing a response (e.g., operating a treadle) using 1 of 2 distinctive topographies (e.g., by pecking or by stepping). Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) observers exposed to conspecific demonstrators showed a high correlation between the topography of the response they observed and the response they performed. These data provide strong evidence for the existence of true imitative learning in an active, precocious bird under conditions that control for alternative accounts. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8858851 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 254 | ||
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| Author | Hogue, M.-E.; Beaugrand, J.P.; Lague, P.C. | ||||
| Title | Coherent use of information by hens observing their former dominant defeating or being defeated by a stranger | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1996 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 38 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 241-252 |
| Keywords | Domestic fowl; Dominance; Hierarchy formation; Observation; Transitive inference | ||||
| Abstract | This study examines the role of observation during the formation of triads in female domestic hens. Results indicate that during hierarchy formation, a hen observing agonistic interactions and conflict settlement between its former dominant and a stranger uses this information when in turn confronted by the latter. Under a first condition (E, N = 15 triads), bystanders witnessed their prior dominant being defeated by a stranger before being introduced to them. In a second condition (C1, N = 16 triads), bystanders witnessed the victory of their prior dominant over a stranger. In a third condition (C2, N = 15 triads), bystanders witnessed two strangers establishing a dominance relationship before being introduced to their prior dominant and to a stranger the former had just defeated. The behavioural strategies of bystanders depended on the issue of the conflict they had witnessed. Bystanders of the E condition behaved as having no chance of defeating the stranger. They never initiated an attack against it, and upon being attacked, readily submitted in turn to the stranger. On the contrary, bystanders of the C1 condition behaved as having some chances against the stranger. They initiated attacks in 50% of cases, and won 50% of conflicts against the stranger. Under condition C2, bystanders first initiated contact with the strangers in only 27% of cases, which approximates the average of their chances for defeating the stranger. However, bystanders finally defeated the strangers in 40% of cases. These results suggest that bystanders of conditions E and C1 gained some information on the relationship existing between their prior dominant and the stranger and that they used it coherently, perhaps through transitive inference, thus contributing to the existence of transitive relationships within the triads. Alternate explanations are examined. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 396 | ||
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| Author | Doré,F.Y.; Fiset,S.; Goulet,S.; Dumans,M.-C.; Gagnon,S. | ||||
| Title | Search behavior in cats and dogs Interspecific differences in working memory and spatial cognition | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1996 | Publication | Animal Learning & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Anim Learn. & Behav. |
| Volume | 24 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 142-149 |
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| Abstract | Cats and dogs search behavior was compared in different problems where an object was visibly moved behind a screen that was then visibly moved to a new position. In Experiments 1 (cats) and 2 (dogs), one group was tested with identical screens and the other group was tested with dissimilar screens. Results showed that in both species, search behavior was based on processing of spatial information rather than on recognition of the visual features of the target screen. Cats and dogs were unable to find the object by inferring its invisible movement. They reached a high level of success only if there was direct perceptual evidence that the object could not be at its initial position. When the position change was indicated by an indirect cue, cats searched more at the object`s initial than final position, whereas dogs searched equally at both positions. Interspecific similarities and differences are interpreted in terms of the requirements for resetting working memory. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 537 | ||
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| Author | Clarke, J.V.; Nicol, C.J.; Jones, R.; McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
| Title | Effects of observational learning on food selection in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1996 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 50 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 177-184 |
| Keywords | Horse; Observational learning; Food discrimination | ||||
| Abstract | Fourteen riding horses of mixed age and breed were randomly allocated to observer and control treatments. An additional horse was pre-trained as a demonstrator to walk the 13.8 m length of the test arena and select one of two food buckets using colour and pattern cues. Observer horses were exposed to correct performances of the task by the trained demonstrator, for 20 trials held over 2 days. Control horses were subjected to the same handling and placement procedures as the observer horses but without exposure to the behaviour of the demonstrator. The third day for all subjects was designated as a test day. Each subject was released individually in a predetermined place in the arena, and the latency to walk the length of the test arena to the food buckets, the latency to feed, the identity of the bucket approached and the identity of the bucket selected were recorded on ten consecutive trials. During tests both food buckets contained food to minimize the possibility of individual trial and error learning. On the first trial the mean latency to approach the goal area was 18 s for observer horses, compared with 119 s for control horses (t = 2.8, d.f. = 12, P < 0.01) and the mean latency to eat was 35 s for observer horses, compared with 181 s for control horses (t = 4.86, d.f. = 11, P < 0.001). However, observer horses were no more likely to choose the demonstrated bucket than control horses on the first trial. Twelve of the 14 horses decreased their latency to approach the goal area during the series of ten trials, but there were no significant changes in the buckets selected. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 563 | ||
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| Author | Reed, P.; Skiera, F.; Adams, L.; Heyes, C.M. | ||||
| Title | Effects of Isolation Rearing and Mirror Exposure on Social and Asocial Discrimination Performance | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1996 | Publication | Learning and Motivation | Abbreviated Journal | Learn. Motiv. |
| Volume | 27 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 113-129 |
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| Abstract | Four experiments examined the effects of rearing in isolation on rats performance on discrimination-based and social learning tasks. After demonstrating that the rearing procedures produced similar results in an open field task to those previously established (Experiment 1), rats were subjected to two discrimination tasks: an instrumental occasion setting procedure (Experiment 3) and a nonspatial win-stay/lose-shift versus win-shift/lose-stay procedure (Experiment 4). Deficits in acquisition of the necessary discriminations were noted in the rats raised in isolation, but there were no differences between isolation-reared and socially reared subjects in response acquisition per se. In Experiment 2, rats were presented with an observational learning task using the bidirectional control procedure. Socially reared rats had a tendency to imitate the behavior they had observed, but rats raised in isolation performed the opposite behavior to that observed, indicating a failure to use a conspecific as a reference point in the task. The presence of a mirror during rearing in isolation was also investigated, but was found to have little effect in attenuating the above deficits in behavior. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 725 | ||
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| Author | Whiten, A.; Custance, D.M.; Gomez, J.C.; Teixidor, P.; Bard, K.A. | ||||
| Title | Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1996 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 110 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-14 |
| Keywords | Animals; Child, Preschool; Discrimination Learning; Female; Food Preferences/*psychology; *Fruit; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Mental Recall; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Social Environment | ||||
| Abstract | Observational learning in chimpanzees and young children was investigated using an artificial fruit designed as an analog of natural foraging problems faced by primates. Each of 3 principal components could be removed in 2 alternative ways, demonstration of only one of which was watched by each subject. This permitted subsequent imitation by subjects to be distinguished from stimulus enhancement. Children aged 2-4 years evidenced imitation for 2 components, but also achieved demonstrated outcomes through their own techniques. Chimpanzees relied even more on their own techniques, but they did imitate elements of 1 component of the task. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of chimpanzee imitation in a functional task designed to simulate foraging behavior hypothesized to be transmitted culturally in the wild. | ||||
| Address | Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland. aw2@st-andrews.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8851548 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 744 | ||
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| Author | van Dierendonck, M.C.; Bandi, N.; Batdorj, D.; Dugerlham, S.; Munkhtsog, B. | ||||
| Title | Behavioural observations of reintroduced Takhi or Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) in Mongolia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1996 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 50 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 95-114 |
| Keywords | Horse; Przewalski's horse; Reintroduction; Time budget; Social organisation; Basic reference dataset | ||||
| Abstract | During 1992 and 1993, 14 reintroduced Przewalski Horses or Takhi (Equus ferus przewalskii) were studied in the Hustain Nuruu Mountain Steppe reserve in Mongolia. Most of the individuals did not know each other before reintroduction. These Takhi were the first of five groups due to be released in the reserve after an acclimatisation period of at least 1 year. During acclimatisation the Takhi, lived visually and acoustically separately, in fenced enclosures of approximately 45 ha each. The observations, mostly scan-sampling, were carried out in each season. The observation bouts were divided over six periods and over two harem herds. Two of the periods were in the same consecutive seasons, so comparison over the years was possible. Social integration within the Takhi herds was very high from the beginning, as described by the spatial relation and synchronisation data. Between 50 and 89% of the observation time, the behaviour of all herd members was synchronised. The amount of time spent grazing by the Takhi (30-68% of the daylight period) was similar to that of feral horses and Takhi in captivity and semi-reserves. The Takhi tended to rest in the morning and have a bimodal period of grazing at dawn and in the afternoon. The Takhi displayed clear habitat preferences for certain activities. They had a strong preference to rest at the highest point in their enclosure. They fed preferably on two or three different vegetation types (with five types available in each enclosure). The amount of time spent grazing during the non-growing seasons (49 +/- 15%) indicates that the feeding value and availability of food were sufficient. Health changes were detected adequately using condition scoring sheets. No supplementary food or water was supplied during the harsh winters. Moreover, low mortality rates and high reproductive success show that the mountain steppe is a habitat which is potentially suitable for establishing a healthy Takhi population. Takhi is the first species to return to its native habitat after living only in zoos for so many generations. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 762 | ||
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| Author | Gary C. Jahn; Craig Packer,Robert Heinsohn | ||||
| Title | Lioness leadership | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1996 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 271 | Issue | 5253 | Pages | 1216-1219 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior; Animal; Cooperative Behavior; Female; Lions/*psychology; Territoriality | ||||
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| ISSN | 0036-8075 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Jahn1996 | Serial | 2073 | ||
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