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Author Gallup GG; Povinelli DJ; Suarez SD; Anderson JR; Lethmate J; Menzel EW
Title Further reflections on self-recognition in primates Type Journal Article
Year (up) 1995 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 50 Issue Pages 1525
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2999
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Author Heyes CM
Title Self-recognition in primates: further reflections create a hall of mirrors Type Journal Article
Year (up) 1995 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 50 Issue Pages 1533
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3006
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Author Mitchell R
Title Self-recognition, methodology and explanation: a comment on Heyes (1994) Type Journal Article
Year (up) 1995 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 51 Issue Pages 467
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3020
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Author i Rios, J.F.; Houpt, K.
Title Sexual behavior in geldings Type Journal Article
Year (up) 1995 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 46 Issue 1-2 Pages 133-135
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Abstract Abstract

In response to a request published in Equus, a magazine for those interested in horses, 85 owners of older geldings exhibiting sexual behavior completed history forms. The mean age of geldings was 16 f 5 years. Only 39 of the owners had had the gelding for at least a year before the behavior was noted. These cases could be used to determine the true age of onset of the problem. When log survivorship was used to determine whether there were one or two different populations, a break or change in the slope at age 16 indicated that there are two populations. One population shows the behavior from the time of castration and the other first exhibits the behavior in old age, possibly in response to an ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma. A total of 40% of the horses were Quarterhorses, the most numerous breed in the US; 78% of the horses were purebreds. Fewer than half the owners knew the age at which their horse had been castrated because they did not own the horse at the time.

The mean age at castration, when known, was 3.3 f 2.5 years. The reason for contacting us was sexual behavior (70%), aggression (24%). or some other problem ( 1 o/o). Whether or not aggression was the presenting problem, most of the horses showed aggression (95%), particularly towards other geldings (88%)) but also towards people (3 1%). Copulatory behavior (mounting) was shown by 69% of the geldings and half of those were able to intromit. These findings indicate that the sexual behavior of geldings is a problem for owners and that aggression usually accompanies sexual behavior.

The owners were encouraged to send serum samples taken before and after human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration for testosterone and estrone sulfate analysis to determine whether residual testicular tissue was responsible for the horse’s behavior. Of the 14 horses tested, only one had elevated levels of testosterone indicating that there was residual testicular tissue. A total of six of the owners agreed to treat their horses with cyproheptadine at a dose of 8 mg day- ’ gradually increased to 88 mg day- ’ per horse. A total of three of the horses showed a decline in sexual and aggressive behavior, one got worse and two had side effects and treatment was withdrawn.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3627
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Author de Vries, H.
Title An improved test of linearity in dominance hierarchies containing unknown or tied relationships Type Journal Article
Year (up) 1995 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 1375-1389
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Abstract Appleby (1983, Anim. Behav., 31, 600-608) described a statistical test, based on the work of Kendall (1962, Rank Correlation Methods), for the significance of linearity in dominance hierarchies. He suggested that unknown relationships should be assigned the value 1/2 and that subsequently the same test procedure can be used. In this paper it is shown that incorrect results are obtained by this method whenever there are unknown relationships. Values of the linearity index are systematically too low. P-values can be too high (underestimating the significance) or too low (overestimating), and seem to differ by not much more than a factor two (respectively a half) from the correct P-value. An improved method is developed for testing linearity in a set of dominance relationships containing unknown relationships. Furthermore, it is argued that, if one admits the possibility of tied dominance relationships, which should indeed be assigned the value 1/2, Landau's linearity index is to be preferred to Kendall's index. A randomization test is developed for assessing the significance of linearity or non-linearity in a set of dominance relationships containing unknown or tied relationships. The test statistic employed in this testing procedure is based on Landau's linearity index, but takes the unknown and tied relationships into account.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4284
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Author Wilson, D.S.; Dugatkin, L.A.
Title A reply to Lombardi & Hurlbert Type Journal Article
Year (up) 1996 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 423-425
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Abstract No abstract
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 475
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Author Dugatkin, L.A.
Title Tit for Tat, by-product mutualism and predator inspection: a reply to Connor Type Journal Article
Year (up) 1996 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 51 Issue 2 Pages 455-457
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 487
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Author Clarke, J.V.; Nicol, C.J.; Jones, R.; McGreevy, P.D.
Title Effects of observational learning on food selection in horses Type Journal Article
Year (up) 1996 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 177-184
Keywords Horse; Observational learning; Food discrimination
Abstract Fourteen riding horses of mixed age and breed were randomly allocated to observer and control treatments. An additional horse was pre-trained as a demonstrator to walk the 13.8 m length of the test arena and select one of two food buckets using colour and pattern cues. Observer horses were exposed to correct performances of the task by the trained demonstrator, for 20 trials held over 2 days. Control horses were subjected to the same handling and placement procedures as the observer horses but without exposure to the behaviour of the demonstrator. The third day for all subjects was designated as a test day. Each subject was released individually in a predetermined place in the arena, and the latency to walk the length of the test arena to the food buckets, the latency to feed, the identity of the bucket approached and the identity of the bucket selected were recorded on ten consecutive trials. During tests both food buckets contained food to minimize the possibility of individual trial and error learning. On the first trial the mean latency to approach the goal area was 18 s for observer horses, compared with 119 s for control horses (t = 2.8, d.f. = 12, P < 0.01) and the mean latency to eat was 35 s for observer horses, compared with 181 s for control horses (t = 4.86, d.f. = 11, P < 0.001). However, observer horses were no more likely to choose the demonstrated bucket than control horses on the first trial. Twelve of the 14 horses decreased their latency to approach the goal area during the series of ten trials, but there were no significant changes in the buckets selected.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 563
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Author Galef, B.G.
Title The adaptive value of social learning: a reply to Laland Type Journal Article
Year (up) 1996 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 52 Issue 3 Pages 641-644
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 566
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Author van Dierendonck, M.C.; Bandi, N.; Batdorj, D.; Dugerlham, S.; Munkhtsog, B.
Title Behavioural observations of reintroduced Takhi or Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) in Mongolia Type Journal Article
Year (up) 1996 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 95-114
Keywords Horse; Przewalski's horse; Reintroduction; Time budget; Social organisation; Basic reference dataset
Abstract During 1992 and 1993, 14 reintroduced Przewalski Horses or Takhi (Equus ferus przewalskii) were studied in the Hustain Nuruu Mountain Steppe reserve in Mongolia. Most of the individuals did not know each other before reintroduction. These Takhi were the first of five groups due to be released in the reserve after an acclimatisation period of at least 1 year. During acclimatisation the Takhi, lived visually and acoustically separately, in fenced enclosures of approximately 45 ha each. The observations, mostly scan-sampling, were carried out in each season. The observation bouts were divided over six periods and over two harem herds. Two of the periods were in the same consecutive seasons, so comparison over the years was possible. Social integration within the Takhi herds was very high from the beginning, as described by the spatial relation and synchronisation data. Between 50 and 89% of the observation time, the behaviour of all herd members was synchronised. The amount of time spent grazing by the Takhi (30-68% of the daylight period) was similar to that of feral horses and Takhi in captivity and semi-reserves. The Takhi tended to rest in the morning and have a bimodal period of grazing at dawn and in the afternoon. The Takhi displayed clear habitat preferences for certain activities. They had a strong preference to rest at the highest point in their enclosure. They fed preferably on two or three different vegetation types (with five types available in each enclosure). The amount of time spent grazing during the non-growing seasons (49 +/- 15%) indicates that the feeding value and availability of food were sufficient. Health changes were detected adequately using condition scoring sheets. No supplementary food or water was supplied during the harsh winters. Moreover, low mortality rates and high reproductive success show that the mountain steppe is a habitat which is potentially suitable for establishing a healthy Takhi population. Takhi is the first species to return to its native habitat after living only in zoos for so many generations.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 762
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