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Author |
Forster, H.V.; Pan, L.G.; Bisgard, G.E.; Flynn, C.; Hoffer, R.E. |
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Title |
Changes in breathing when switching from nares to tracheostomy breathing in awake ponies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Physiol |
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Volume |
59 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1214-1221 |
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Airway Resistance; Animals; Chemoreceptors/physiology; Consciousness; Exertion; Horses/*physiology; Lung Compliance; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Pulmonary Stretch Receptors/physiology; *Respiration; Respiratory Dead Space; *Tracheotomy |
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Abstract |
We assessed the consequences of respiratory unloading associated with tracheostomy breathing (TBr). Three normal and three carotid body-denervated (CBD) ponies were prepared with chronic tracheostomies that at rest reduced physiological dead space (VD) from 483 +/- 60 to 255 +/- 30 ml and lung resistance from 1.5 +/- 0.14 to 0.5 +/- 0.07 cmH2O . l-1 . s. At rest and during steady-state mild-to-heavy exercise arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) was approximately 1 Torr higher during nares breathing (NBr) than during TBr. Pulmonary ventilation and tidal volume (VT) were greater and alveolar ventilation was less during NBr than TBr. Breathing frequency (f) did not differ between NBr and TBr at rest, but f during exercise was greater during TBr than during NBr. These responses did not differ between normal and CBD ponies. We also assessed the consequences of increasing external VD (300 ml) and resistance (R, 0.3 cmH2O . l-1 . s) by breathing through a tube. At rest and during mild exercise tube breathing caused PaCO2 to transiently increase 2-3 Torr, but 3-5 min later PaCO2 usually was within 1 Torr of control. Tube breathing did not cause f to change. When external R was increased 1 cmH2O . l-1 . s by breathing through a conventional air collection system, f did not change at rest, but during exercise f was lower than during unencumbered breathing. These responses did not differ between normal, CBD, and hilar nerve-denervated ponies, and they did not differ when external VD or R were added at either the nares or tracheostomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
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8750-7587 |
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PMID:4055600 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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100 |
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Author |
Hawkes, J.; Hedges, M.; Daniluk, P.; Hintz, H.F.; Schryver, H.F. |
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Title |
Feed preferences of ponies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
20-22 |
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*Animal Feed; Animals; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Female; *Food Preferences; Horses/*physiology; Male |
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Preference trials were conducted with mature ponies. In Trial 1, oats were compared with oats plus sucrose. Four of six pony geldings selected oats plus sucrose, but one pony demonstrated a dislike for sucrose and one selected from the bucket on the right side regardless of content. Oats, maize, barley, rye and wheat were compared in Trial 2 using six mature pony mares. Oats were the preferred grain, with maize and barley ranking second and third respectively. Wheat and rye were the least preferred. Even though the ponies demonstrated preference, the total intake at a given meal was not greatly depressed when only the less palatable grains were fed. In Trial 3, pony mares selected a diet containing 20 per cent dried distillers' grain and 80 per cent of a basal mixed diet of maize, oats, wheat bran, soybean meal, limestone and molasses over 100 per cent basal mixed diet, but selected the basal diet over diets containing 20 per cent blood meal, beet pulp or meat and bone meal and 80 per cent basal diet. They did not differentiate against diets containing 20 per cent alfalfa meal or 10 or 5 per cent meat and bone meal when the diets were compared to the basal mixed diet. |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:3979369 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2298 |
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Terrace, H.S. |
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Title |
Animal Cognition: Thinking without Language |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences (1934-1990) |
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308 |
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1135 |
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113-128 |
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Recent attempts to teach apes rudimentary grammatical skills have produced negative results. The basic obstacle appears to be at the level of the individual symbol which, for apes, functions only as a demand. Evidence is lacking that apes can use symbols as names, that is, as a means of simply transmitting information. Even though non-human animals lack linguistic competence, much evidence has recently accumulated that a variety of animals can represent particular features of their environment. What then is the non-verbal nature of animal representations? This question will be discussed with reference to the following findings of studies of serial learning by pigeons. While learning to produce a particular sequence of four elements (colours), pigeons also acquire knowledge about the relation between non-adjacent elements and about the ordinal position of a particular element. Learning to produce a particular sequence also facilitates the discrimination of that sequence from other sequences. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3522 |
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Author |
Kamil, A.C.; Roitblat, H.L. |
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Title |
The Ecology of Foraging Behavior: Implications for Animal Learning and Memory |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Annual Review of Psychology |
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36 |
Issue |
1 |
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141-169 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3543 |
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Author |
Kummer, H.; Goodall, J. |
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Title |
Conditions of Innovative Behaviour in Primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences |
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308 |
Issue |
1135 |
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203-214 |
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Abstract |
Innovative behaviour achieved through exploration, learning and insight heavily depends on certain motivational, social and ecological conditions of short duration. We propose that more attention should be given to what these conditions are and where they are realized in natural groups of non-human primates. Only to the extent that such favourable conditions were frequently realized in a social structure or an extraspecific environment could selective pressures act on innovative abilities. There is hope that research into field conditions of innovative behaviour will help to identify its selectors in evolution. |
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10.1098/rstb.1985.0020 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5751 |
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Keiper, R.R.; Sambraus, H.H. |
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Title |
The stability of equine dominance hierarchies and the effects of kinship, proximity and foaling status on hierarchy rank |
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Journal Article |
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1986 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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16 |
Issue |
2 |
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121-130 |
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Dominance hierarchies were determined in four bands of feral horses living on Assateague Island. The bands varied in size from 10 to 16 horses, and consisted of one stallion, several mares and their offspring. The animals ranged in age from less than 1 to over 18 years. Field observation of all social interactions during the summer of 1981 was used to determine dominance. 1981 hierarchies for three of the bands were compared with hierarchies determined for the same bands in 1978, and showed that hierarchies change over time. Age was significantly correlated with rank. Mares with foals did not rank any higher in the hierarchies than mares without foals. Kinship did not appear to have an effect on dominance rank either, since neither juvenile nor adult offspring ranks correlated with the ranks of their mothers. The band stallion was not the highest-ranking animal of any band, but the location of the stallion peripheral to the main body of the band, the nature of his interactions with band members, and his length of residence in the band may have contributed to his low rank. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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683 |
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Author |
Baker, A.E.M.; Crawford, B.H. |
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Title |
Observational learning in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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15 |
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1 |
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7-13 |
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This experiment was designed to determine if a horse could learn the location of grain by watching another horse find grain in one of two feed buckets. Both experimental and control groups contained 9 quarter horses consisting of five 2-year-old mares, two 2-year-old geldings, and two 3-year-old geldings. Two mature geldings were used as “demonstrators”. An “experimental” was a horse that could watch three times daily another horse, the “demonstrator”, choose between and eat grain from a black or white bucket, only one of which contained grain. A “control” was a horse that could watch a demonstrator in the same arena for 3 min daily when both feed buckets were removed. When the demonstrator was removed on each of 15 successive days, the experimental or control horse was given five trials to determine if it could find the feed bucket with grain. No significant difference between experimentals and controls occurred for both first and total correct choices and for time to reach the feed bucket with grain. We conclude that no observational learning occurred. This experiment was also used to determine if the identity of horses that learned rapidly by trial and error could be predicted by the time it took to reach the feed bucket with grain. Data from the last three trials of experimentals and controls were combined. Significantly less time to find feed was needed by horses with more than the median number of correct choices. Both number of correct choices and time needed to contact a feed bucket summed over the first 5 days accurately predicted the same data summed over the last 10 days. We conclude that horses that learn rapidly by trial and error make correct choices rapidly, and that these horses can by identified after 5 days of testing. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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821 |
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Author |
Biederman, G.B.; Robertson, H.A.; Vanayan, M. |
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Title |
Observational learning of two visual discriminations by pigeons: a within-subjects design |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
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46 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
45-49 |
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Animals; Attention; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Cues; *Discrimination Learning; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Visual Perception |
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Pigeon's observational learning of successive visual discrimination was studied using within-subject comparisons of data from three experimental conditions. Two pairs of discriminative stimuli were used; each bird was exposed to two of the three experimental conditions, with different pairs of stimuli used in a given bird's two conditions. In one condition, observers were exposed to visual discriminative stimuli only. In a second condition, subjects were exposed to a randomly alternating sequence of two stimuli where the one that would subsequently be used as S+ was paired with the operation of the grain magazine. In a third experimental condition, subjects were exposed to the performance of a conspecific in the operant discrimination procedure. After exposures to conspecific performances, there was facilitation of discriminative learning, relative to that which followed exposures to stimulus and reinforcement sequences or exposures to stimulus sequences alone. Exposure to stimulus and food-delivery sequences enhanced performance relative to exposure to stimulus sequences alone. The differential effects of these three types of exposure were not attributable to order effects or to task difficulty; rather, they clearly were due to the type of exposure. |
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0022-5002 |
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PMID:3746187 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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853 |
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Author |
Schusdziarra, H., Schusdziarra, V. |
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Title |
Reitergespräche – Der Weg zum unabhängigen Sitz |
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1986 |
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56 |
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3-489-63532-9 |
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Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @ |
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1011 |
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Eisenmann V, U.H.-P. |
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Title |
Identification and discrimination of Equus metapodials |
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1986 |
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In: Equids in the ancient world |
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118-163 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1065 |
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