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Ash, C.; Chin, G.; Pennisi, E.; Sugden, A. |
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Title |
Living in Societies |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Science |
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Science |
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317 |
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5843 |
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1337- |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4246 |
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Author |
Herrmann, E.; Call, J.; Hernandez-Lloreda, M.V.; Hare, B.; Tomasello, M. |
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Title |
Humans Have Evolved Specialized Skills of Social Cognition: The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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Science |
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Science |
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317 |
Issue |
5843 |
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1360-1366 |
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Humans have many cognitive skills not possessed by their nearest primate relatives. The cultural intelligence hypothesis argues that this is mainly due to a species-specific set of social-cognitive skills, emerging early in ontogeny, for participating and exchanging knowledge in cultural groups. We tested this hypothesis by giving a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests to large numbers of two of humans' closest primate relatives, chimpanzees and orangutans, as well as to 2.5-year-old human children before literacy and schooling. Supporting the cultural intelligence hypothesis and contradicting the hypothesis that humans simply have more “general intelligence,” we found that the children and chimpanzees had very similar cognitive skills for dealing with the physical world but that the children had more sophisticated cognitive skills than either of the ape species for dealing with the social world. |
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10.1126/science.1146282 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4245 |
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Author |
Jolly, A. |
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Title |
BEHAVIOR: The Social Origin of Mind |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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Science |
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Science |
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317 |
Issue |
5843 |
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1326-1327 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4247 |
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Li, W.; Howard, J.D.; Parrish, T.B.; Gottfried, J.A. |
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Title |
Aversive Learning Enhances Perceptual and Cortical Discrimination of Indiscriminable Odor Cues |
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2008 |
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Science |
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Science |
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319 |
Issue |
5871 |
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1842-1845 |
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Learning to associate sensory cues with threats is critical for minimizing aversive experience. The ecological benefit of associative learning relies on accurate perception of predictive cues, but how aversive learning enhances perceptual acuity of sensory signals, particularly in humans, is unclear. We combined multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging with olfactory psychophysics to show that initially indistinguishable odor enantiomers (mirror-image molecules) become discriminable after aversive conditioning, paralleling the spatial divergence of ensemble activity patterns in primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Our findings indicate that aversive learning induces piriform plasticity with corresponding gains in odor enantiomer discrimination, underscoring the capacity of fear conditioning to update perceptual representation of predictive cues, over and above its well-recognized role in the acquisition of conditioned responses. That completely indiscriminable sensations can be transformed into discriminable percepts further accentuates the potency of associative learning to enhance sensory cue perception and support adaptive behavior. |
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10.1126/science.1152837 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4408 |
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Li, W.; Howard, J.D.; Parrish, T.B.; Gottfried, J.A. |
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Title |
Supporting Online Material to: Aversive Learning Enhances Perceptual and Cortical Discrimination of Indiscriminable Odor Cues |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2008 |
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Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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319 |
Issue |
5871 |
Pages |
1842-1845 |
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Abstract |
Learning to associate sensory cues with threats is critical for minimizing aversive experience. The ecological benefit of associative learning relies on accurate perception of predictive cues, but how aversive learning enhances perceptual acuity of sensory signals, particularly in humans, is unclear. We combined multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging with olfactory psychophysics to show that initially indistinguishable odor enantiomers (mirror-image molecules) become discriminable after aversive conditioning, paralleling the spatial divergence of ensemble activity patterns in primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Our findings indicate that aversive learning induces piriform plasticity with corresponding gains in odor enantiomer discrimination, underscoring the capacity of fear conditioning to update perceptual representation of predictive cues, over and above its well-recognized role in the acquisition of conditioned responses. That completely indiscriminable sensations can be transformed into discriminable percepts further accentuates the potency of associative learning to enhance sensory cue perception and support adaptive behavior. |
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10.1126/science.1152837 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4409 |
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Author |
Rowe, M.L.; Goldin-Meadow, S. |
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Title |
Differences in Early Gesture Explain SES Disparities in Child Vocabulary Size at School Entry |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
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Science |
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Science |
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Volume |
323 |
Issue |
5916 |
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951-953 |
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Children from low-socioeconomic status (SES) families, on average, arrive at school with smaller vocabularies than children from high-SES families. In an effort to identify precursors to, and possible remedies for, this inequality, we videotaped 50 children from families with a range of different SES interacting with parents at 14 months and assessed their vocabulary skills at 54 months. We found that children from high-SES families frequently used gesture to communicate at 14 months, a relation that was explained by parent gesture use (with speech controlled). In turn, the fact that children from high-SES families have large vocabularies at 54 months was explained by children's gesture use at 14 months. Thus, differences in early gesture help to explain the disparities in vocabulary that children bring with them to school. |
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10.1126/science.1167025 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4728 |
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Author |
Schmidt, M.; Lipson, H. |
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Title |
Distilling Free-Form Natural Laws from Experimental Data |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
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Science |
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Science |
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Volume |
324 |
Issue |
5923 |
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81-85 |
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For centuries, scientists have attempted to identify and document analytical laws that underlie physical phenomena in nature. Despite the prevalence of computing power, the process of finding natural laws and their corresponding equations has resisted automation. A key challenge to finding analytic relations automatically is defining algorithmically what makes a correlation in observed data important and insightful. We propose a principle for the identification of nontriviality. We demonstrated this approach by automatically searching motion-tracking data captured from various physical systems, ranging from simple harmonic oscillators to chaotic double-pendula. Without any prior knowledge about physics, kinematics, or geometry, the algorithm discovered Hamiltonians, Lagrangians, and other laws of geometric and momentum conservation. The discovery rate accelerated as laws found for simpler systems were used to bootstrap explanations for more complex systems, gradually uncovering the “alphabet” used to describe those systems. |
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10.1126/science.1165893 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5264 |
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Author |
Bartal, I.B.-A.; Decety, J.; Mason, P. |
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Title |
Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats |
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Year |
2011 |
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Science |
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Science |
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334 |
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6061 |
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1427-1430 |
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Whereas human pro-social behavior is often driven by empathic concern for another, it is unclear whether nonprimate mammals experience a similar motivational state. To test for empathically motivated pro-social behavior in rodents, we placed a free rat in an arena with a cagemate trapped in a restrainer. After several sessions, the free rat learned to intentionally and quickly open the restrainer and free the cagemate. Rats did not open empty or object-containing restrainers. They freed cagemates even when social contact was prevented. When liberating a cagemate was pitted against chocolate contained within a second restrainer, rats opened both restrainers and typically shared the chocolate. Thus, rats behave pro-socially in response to a conspecific�s distress, providing strong evidence for biological roots of empathically motivated helping behavior. |
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10.1126/science.1210789 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5725 |
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