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Author Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Caudle, A.B.
Title Coprophagy by foals: recognition of maternal feces Type Journal Article
Year 1989 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume (up) 24 Issue 3 Pages 267-272
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Abstract Six foals were each observed for 4 h per week during the first 6 weeks of life in an experimental situation in which they had access to feces taken from their mother and from another mare which was not pregnant or lactating. The foals sniffed at the feces equally. Two foals engaged in a total of seven bouts of coprophagy. All bouts of coprophagy involved maternal feces (χ2; P<0.01).
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2273
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Author Duncan, I.J.H.; Petherick, J.C.
Title Proceeding (Paper presented at the Winter Meeting of the Society for Veterinary Ethology, London, Great Britain, 30 November 1988)Cognition: The implications for animal welfare Type Journal Article
Year 1989 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume (up) 24 Issue 1 Pages 81-1010
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2921
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Author Herbert Gintis; Samuel Bowles; Robert Boyd; Ernst Fehr
Title Explaining altruistic behavior in humans Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Evolution and Human Behaviour Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) 24 Issue 3 Pages 153-172
Keywords Altruism; Reciprocity; Experimental games; Evolution of cooperation
Abstract Recent experimental research has revealed forms of human behavior involving interaction among unrelated individuals that have proven difficult to explain in terms of kin or reciprocal altruism. One such trait, strong reciprocity is a predisposition to cooperate with others and to punish those who violate the norms of cooperation, at personal cost, even when it is implausible to expect that these costs will be repaid. We present evidence supporting strong reciprocity as a schema for predicting and understanding altruism in humans. We show that under conditions plausibly characteristic of the early stages of human evolution, a small number of strong reciprocators could invade a population of self-regarding types, and strong reciprocity is an evolutionary stable strategy. Although most of the evidence we report is based on behavioral experiments, the same behaviors are regularly described in everyday life, for example, in wage setting by firms, tax compliance, and cooperation in the protection of local environmental public goods.
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ISSN 1090-5138 ISBN Medium
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ S1090-5138(02)00157-5 Serial 4943
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Author Smith, J.M.; Parker, G.A.
Title The logic of asymmetric contests Type Journal Article
Year 1976 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume (up) 24 Issue 1 Pages 159-175
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Abstract A theoretical analysis is made of the evolution of behavioural strategies in contest situations. It is assumed that behaviour will evolve so as to maximize individual fitness. If so, a population will evolve an [`]evolutionarily stable strategy', or ESS, which can be defined as a strategy such that, if all members of a population adopt it, no [`]mutant' strategy can do better. A number of simple models of contest situations are analysed from this point of view. It is concluded that in [`]symmetric' contests the ESS is likely to be a [`]mixed' strategy; that is, either the population will be genetically polymorphic or individuals will be behaviourally variable. Most real contests are probably asymmetric, either in pay-off to the contestants, or in size or weapons, or in some [`]uncorrelated' fashion; i.e. in a fashion which does not substantially bias either the pay-offs or the likely outcome of an escalated contest. An example of an uncorrelated asymmetry is that between the [`]discoverer' of a resource and a [`]late-comer'. It is shown that the ESS in asymmetric contests will usually be to permit the asymmetric cue to settle the contest without escalation. Escalated contests will, however, occur if information to the contestants about the asymmetry is imperfect.
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ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5103
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Author Kondo, S.; Sekine, J.; Okubo, M.; Asahida, Y.
Title The effect of group size and space allowance on the agonistic and spacing behavior of cattle Type Journal Article
Year 1989 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume (up) 24 Issue 2 Pages 127-135
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Abstract The number of agonistic encounters in a group (frequency per h) and the mean distance to the nearest neighbor in a group (m) were analyzed by a multiple regression on the group size (number of animals in a group) and space allowance (m3 per animal) in each group of calves (6–13 months old, Holstein female and castrated male) and adult cattle (2–12 years old, Holstein heifers and cows or Holstein and Hereford grazing beef cattle). A total of 196 calves and 602 adult animals were used in this analysis. In calves, a significant correlation was found between agonistic behavior and space allowance (r=-0.48, P<0.01), but not between agonistic behavior and group sizes. The mean distance to the nearest neighbor in calf groups increased as the group size decreased and space allowance increased (R2=0.66, P<0.01). In adult cattle, the number of agonistic encounters increased linearly as the group size increased (r=+0.37, P<0.05). The relationship between agonistic behavior and 1(space allowance)2 was significant (r=+0.48, P<0.05). The mean distance to the nearest neighbor tended to increase as the group size decreased and the space allowance increased (R2=0.68, P<0.01). When the space allowance increased beyond 360 m2 per animal, the average distance to the nearest neighbor in the adult group was maintained within the range of 10–12 m.
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ISSN 0168-1591 ISBN Medium
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5473
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Author Parker, G.A.; MacNair, M.R.
Title Models of parent-offspring conflict. I. Monogamy Type Journal Article
Year 1978 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume (up) 26 Issue Pages 97-110
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Abstract Theoretical models for Trivers (1974) concept of parent-offspring conflict are examined for species in which the effects of the conflict are felt by full sibs. A rare conflictor gene will spread if Image , whereÆ’(m) is the fitness gained by a conflictor relative to a non-conflictor offspring (Æ’(m) >1), and m is the amount of parental investment taken by a conflictor relative to m = 1 for a non-conflictor. The range of m alleles which can spread against the parent optimum decreases as the cost to the parent increases until a point is reached where there is no conflict of evolutionary interests. There would be no polymorphism for conflictor: non-conflictor alleles unless special conditions prevail. The conflictor allele which spreads most rapidly as a rare mutant against the parental optimum is not an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). The ESS for parent-offspring conflict in monogamous species has m0 = Æ’(m0)/2[dÆ’(m0)/dm0]. The analytical solutions are confirmed throughout by simulations.
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Notes 10.1016/0003-3472(78)90009-X Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4901
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Author Murphy, L.B.
Title The practical problems of recognizing and measuring fear and exploration behaviour in the domestic fowl Type Journal Article
Year 1978 Publication Animal Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume (up) 26, Part 2 Issue Pages 422-431
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Abstract In studying behaviour supposedly motivated by fear or by exploration, consideration should be given to the biological functions of these two systems and to the ways in which the experimental environment may affect the performance of ‘natural’ responses. Extreme caution is needed in comparing the effectiveness of different stimuli and the amounts of fear or exploration represented by different responses. In particular, it should never be assumed when making such comparisons that the relative intensities of different stimuli and responses are constant.
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ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5640
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Author Anderson, J.R.; Fornasieri, I.; Ludes, E.; Roeder, J.-J.
Title Social processes and innovative behaviour in changing groups of lemur fulvus Type Journal Article
Year 1992 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.
Volume (up) 27 Issue 2 Pages 101-112
Keywords Social learning; Lemur fulvus; Dominance; Individual differences
Abstract A group of brown lemurs was presented with one or two baited food-boxes requiring a specific type of motor response in order to be opened. Subsequently, four groups containing different combinations of experienced individuals from the original group and naive individuals were tested. Solutions to the problem and access to the food were recorded and considered in relation to social factors. In the original group, two adult males learned to open the boxes, with one male increasingly preventing the other from approaching. In the second group, with the subordinate male and certain females removed, the dominant male tolerated successful performances by a juvenile female. Group 3 consisted of three passive female participants from the original group and a naive female; one of the three original females now became the sole box-opener. The introduction of the subordinate male from the original group into the all-female group led to a sharing of box-opening by this subject and the skilled female. In the final group, intense aggression toward the skilled female by a new, naive adult male resulted in two previously passive females succeeding on some occasions. In lemurs, at least some `scroungers' appear able to learn to perform a new act when the social context permits.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 576
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Author Duncan, P.; Vigne, N.
Title The effect of group size in horses on the rate of attacks by blood-sucking flies Type Journal Article
Year 1979 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume (up) 27 Issue Part 2 Pages 623-625
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 763
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Author Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Albon, S.D.; Gibson, R.M.; Guinness, F.E.
Title The logical stag: Adaptive aspects of fighting in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) Type Journal Article
Year 1979 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume (up) 27 Issue Part 1 Pages 211-225
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Abstract For red deer stags, fighting both has appreciable costs and yields considerable benefits. Up to 6% of rutting stags are permanently injured each year, while fighting success and reproductive success are closely related, within age groups as well as across them. Fighting behaviour is sensitive to changes in the potential benefits of fighting: stags fight most frequently and most intensely where potential benefits are high and tend to avoid fighting with individuals they are unlikely to beat. The relevance of these findings to theoretical models of fighting behaviour is discussed.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 860
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