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Author |
Miller RR; Matute H |
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Title |
Biological significance in forward and backward blocking: resolution of a discrepancy between animal conditioning and human causal judgment |
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1996 |
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J. Exp. Psychol.: Anim. Behav. Process. |
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18 |
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251 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3069 |
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Author |
Overman W.H. |
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Adaptations of ''animal tests'' of cognition for use in children |
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1996 |
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Neurotoxicology and Teratology |
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18 |
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343-343 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3472 |
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Author |
Prud`homme, J.; Chapais, B. |
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Title |
Development of intervention behavior in Japanese macaques: Testing the targeting hypothesis |
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Year |
1996 |
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International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Primatol. |
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17 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
429-443 |
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Biomedical and Life Sciences |
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Matrilineal dominance systems, which characterize several species of cercopithecines, are determined largely by the patterning of third-party aggressive interventions in conflicts. Although the role of interventions in structuring rank relations has received much attention, very few studies have dealt specifically with the development of intervention behavior. In other words,most studies have focused on the interventions received and their effect on the recipients rather than on the interventions performed and the goals of the interveners. We analyzed the intervention behavior of 10 juvenile females in a colony of 40 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)housed at the University of Montreal Laboratory of Behavioral Primatology. The analysis of 749 interventions performed by the juveniles over their first 4 years and 2425 interventions received over the same period reveals that (1) juvenile females intervened selectively against females ranking below their mother, (2) they began to intervene at about the same time that they began to challenge the latter females in dyadic contests, (3) they sided with females as well as with males against these females, (4) juvenile interveners incurred little risks in terms of aggressive retaliation from their targets, (5) they derived immediate benefits in terms of conflicts won over stronger targets, (6) interventions often did not take place when the possible recipients needed support, and (7) interveners did not conform to a pattern of mutually preferential support. These results support the view that interventions by juveniles are selfish (vs altruistic) and constitute a low-cost and effective means to target and to outrank prospectively subordinate females. |
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Springer Netherlands |
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0164-0291 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5245 |
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Author |
Miller, R.M. |
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Title |
How we can quickly assume the role of horse herd leader: Making horses compliant and willing subjects |
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Year |
1996 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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16 |
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1 |
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4-7 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4329 |
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Lebelt, D.; Schönreiter, S.; Zanella, A. J. |
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Title |
Salivary cortisol in stallions: the relationship with plasma levels, daytime profile and changes in response to semen collection |
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Year |
1996 |
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Pferdeheilkunde |
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Pferdeheilkunde |
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14 |
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4 |
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411-414 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4282 |
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Grubb, T.L.; Foreman, J.H.; Benson, G.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Constable, P.D.; Olson, W.O.; Davis, L.E. |
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Title |
Hemodynamic effects of calcium gluconate administered to conscious horses |
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Year |
1996 |
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Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
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J Vet Intern Med |
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10 |
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6 |
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401-404 |
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Animals; Blood Pressure/drug effects/physiology; Calcium/blood; Calcium Gluconate/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Cardiac Output/drug effects/physiology; Consciousness/*physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Heart Rate/drug effects/physiology; Hemodynamic Processes/*drug effects/physiology; Horses/blood/*physiology; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/physiology; Respiration/drug effects/physiology; Stroke Volume/drug effects/physiology; Time Factors |
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Calcium gluconate was administered to conscious horses at 3 different rates (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg/min for 15 minutes each). Serum calcium concentrations and parameters of cardiovascular function were evaluated. All 3 calcium administration rates caused marked increases in both ionized and total calcium concentrations, cardiac index, stroke index, and cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax). Mean arterial pressure and right atrial pressure were unchanged; heart rate decreased markedly during calcium administration. Ionized calcium concentration remained between 54% and 57% of total calcium concentration throughout the study. We conclude that calcium gluconate can safely be administered to conscious horses at 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg/min and that administration will result in improved cardiac function. |
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Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA |
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0891-6640 |
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PMID:8947873 |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
97 |
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Author |
Mertens, P.A.; Unshelm, J. |
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Title |
Effects of Group and Individual Housing on the Behavior of Kennelled Dogs in Animal Shelters |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals |
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9 |
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40-51 |
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To emphasize the effects of group- and single housing of kennelled dogs, the behavior of 211 dogs in two German animal shelters was tested and observed. After being placed, 197 of the dogs' new owners were interviewed.
Although 51% of the German animal shelters already keep dogs in groups, there is strong prejudice against group housing because of the fear of fights. This study demonstrates that this apprehension is unfounded. Ninety-one percent of the social confrontations between dogs housed together were settled by the use of behavioral rituals. Keeping dogs in groups, furthermore, leads to a significant reduction in noise emission (p<.001). Group housing fulfills the dog's need for social interaction and the need to move. Dogs that were housed in groups displayed a closer human-animal relationship (80%) than those that had been kept individually (43%). A high percentage of individually housed dogs suffered from behavioral problems (31%) and 10% developed stereotypes. The percentage of behaviorally disturbed dogs observed in group housing was 11%, and stereotyped forms of behavior did not occur. Dogs who had been kept in groups were, on average, placed within 10 days, and were returned to the animal shelter less often (9%) compared to those housed individually (25%). Dogs that were housed separately needed an average of 17 days to be placed. Even after being placed, there is a correlation between the animal shelter's type of housing and the dog's behavior. Within four weeks after picking up their pet, 88% of the owners of dogs that had been housed individually complained of problems compared to the owners of the dogs that had been kept in groups, 53% of whom were completely satisfied with the adoption.
Despite the fact that these results might be influenced by the small number of shelters examined, the study leads to the conclusion that keeping dogs in groups is a suitable alternative for dog housing in animal shelters and, for the animals' welfare, is preferable to individual housing. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5165 |
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Author |
Zentall TR; Sutton JE; Sherburne LM |
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Title |
True imitative learning in pigeons |
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1996 |
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Psychol. Sci. |
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7 |
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343 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3054 |
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Author |
Reboreda, J.C.; Clayton, N.S.; Kacelnik, A. |
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Species and sex differences in hippocampus size in parasitic and non-parasitic cowbirds |
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1996 |
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Neuroreport |
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Neuroreport |
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7 |
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2 |
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505-508 |
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Animals; Birds/*physiology; Female; Hippocampus/*anatomy & histology; Male; Nesting Behavior/*physiology; Sex Characteristics; Species Specificity; Telencephalon/anatomy & histology |
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To test the hypothesis that selection for spatial abilities which require birds to locate and to return accurately to host nests has produced an enlarged hippocampus in brood parasites, three species of cowbird were compared. In shiny cowbirds, females search for host nests without the assistance of the male; in screaming cowbirds, males and females inspect hosts' nests together; in bay-winged cowbirds, neither sex searches because this species is not a brood parasite. As predicted, the two parasitic species had a relatively larger hippocampus than the non-parasitic species. There were no sex differences in relative hippocampus size in screaming or bay-winged cowbirds, but female shiny cowbirds had a larger hippocampus than the male. |
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Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina |
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0959-4965 |
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PMID:8730816 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4798 |
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Zentall, T.R.; Sutton, J.E.; Sherburne, L.M. |
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True imitative learning in pigeons |
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1996 |
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Psychol Sci |
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7 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Zentall1996 |
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6372 |
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