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| Author |
Premack D; Woodruff G |
| Title |
Chimpanzee problem-solving: a test for comprehension |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume  |
202(3) |
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Pages |
532 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3034 |
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| Author |
Goodwin, D.; McGreevy, P.; Waran, N.; McLean, A. |
| Title |
How equitation science can elucidate and refine horsemanship techniques |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
The Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Special Issue: Equitation Science |
| Volume |
181 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
5-11 |
| Keywords |
Horse; Training; Equitation; Learning theory; Ethology; Cognition |
| Abstract |
The long-held belief that human dominance and equine submission are key to successful training and that the horse must be taught to [`]respect' the trainer infers that force is often used during training. Many horses respond by trialling unwelcome evasions, resistances and flight responses, which readily become established. When unable to cope with problem behaviours, some handlers in the past might have been encouraged to use harsh methods or devices while others may have called in a so-called [`]good horseman' or [`]horse whisperer' to remediate the horse. Frequently, the approaches such practitioners offer could not be applied by the horse's owner or trainer because of their lack of understanding or inability to apply the techniques. Often it seemed that these [`]horse-people' had magical ways with horses (e.g., they only had to whisper to them) that achieved impressive results although they had little motivation to divulge their techniques. As we begin to appreciate how to communicate with horses sensitively and consistently, misunderstandings and misinterpretations by horse and trainer should become less common. Recent studies have begun to reveal what comprises the simplest, most humane and most effective mechanisms in horse training and these advances are being matched by greater sharing of knowledge among practitioners. Indeed, various practitioners of what is referred to here as [`]natural horsemanship' now use techniques similar to the [`]whisperers' of old, but they are more open about their methods. Reputable horse trainers using natural horsemanship approaches are talented observers of horse behaviour and respond consistently and swiftly to the horse's subtle cues during training. For example, in the roundpen these trainers apply an aversive stimulus to prompt a flight response and then, when the horse slows down, moves toward them, or offers space-reducing affiliative signals, the trainer immediately modifies his/her agonistic signals, thus negatively reinforcing the desired response. Learning theory and equine ethology, the fundamentals of the emerging discipline of equitation science, can be used to explain almost all the behaviour modification that goes on in these contexts and in conventional horsemanship. By measuring and evaluating what works and what does not, equitation science has the potential to have a unifying effect on traditional practices and developing branches of equitation. |
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1090-0233 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4826 |
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| Author |
McGreevy, P.D.; Oddie, C.; Burton, F.L.; McLean, A.N. |
| Title |
The horse–human dyad: Can we align horse training and handling activities with the equid social ethogram? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
The Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Special Issue: Equitation Science |
| Volume |
181 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
12-18 |
| Keywords |
Horse training; Social inter- and intra-specific communication; Learning; Counter–predator behaviour |
| Abstract |
This article examines the recently completed equid ethogram and shows how analogues of social interactions between horses may occur in various human–horse interactions. It discusses how some specific horse–horse interactions have a corresponding horse–human interaction – some of which may be directly beneficial for the horse while others may be unusual or even abnormal. It also shows how correspondent behaviours sometimes become inappropriate because of their duration, consistency or context. One analogue is unlikely to hold true for all horse–human contexts, so when applying any model from horse–horse interactions to human–horse interactions, the limitations of the model may eclipse the intended outcome of the intervention. These limitations are especially likely when the horse is being ridden. Such analyses may help to determine the validity of extrapolating intra-specific interactions to the inter-specific setting, as is advocated by some popular horse-training methods, and highlight the subsequent limitations where humans play the role of the ‘alpha mare’ or leader in horse handling and training. This examination provides a constructive framework for further informed debate and empirical investigation of the critical features of successful intra-specific interactions. |
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1090-0233 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5729 |
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| Author |
Zentall TR; Levine JM |
| Title |
Observational learning and social facilitation in the rat |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1972 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
178 |
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Pages |
1220 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3053 |
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| Author |
Linton, M.L. |
| Title |
Washoe the chimpanzee |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1970 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
169 |
Issue |
943 |
Pages |
328 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cognition; Cultural Deprivation; *Hominidae; Humans; Infant; *Language Development; Psychology, Comparative |
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English |
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0036-8075 |
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PMID:5450363 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2849 |
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| Author |
Gallup GG |
| Title |
Chimpanzees: self-recognition |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1970 |
Publication |
Science |
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Science |
| Volume |
167 |
Issue |
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86 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2997 |
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| Author |
John, E.R.; Chesler, P.; Bartlett, F.; Victor, I. |
| Title |
Observation Learning in Cats |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1968 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
159 |
Issue |
3822 |
Pages |
1489-1491 |
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In two experiments cats acquired a stimulus-controlled approach or avoidance response by observational or conventional shaping procedures. Observer cats acquired the avoidance response (hurdle jumping in response to a buzzer stimulus) significantly faster and made fewer errors than cats that were conventionally trained. Observer cats acquired the approach response (lever pressing for food in response to a light stimulus) with significantly fewer errors than cats that were conventionally trained. In some cases, observer cats committed one or no errors while reaching criterion. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6422 |
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| Author |
Jolly, A. |
| Title |
Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1966 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
153 |
Issue |
3735 |
Pages |
501 - 506 |
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| Abstract |
Our human intellect has resulted from an enormous leap in capacity above the level of monkeys and apes. Earlier, though, Old and New World monkeys' intelligence outdistanced that of other mammals, including the prosimian primates. This first great advance in intelligence probably was selected through interspecific competition on the large continents. However, even at this early stage, primate social life provided the evolutionary context of primate intelligence.
Two arguments support this conclusion. One is ontogenetic: modern monkeys learn so much of their social behavior, and learn their behavior toward food and toward other species through social example. The second is phylogenetic: some prosimians, the social lemurs, have evolved the usual primate type of society and social learning without the capacity to manipulate objects as monkeys do. It thus seems likely that the rudiments of primate society preceded the growth of primate intelligence, made it possible, and determined its nature. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3010 |
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| Author |
Hildebrand M, |
| Title |
Symmetrial gaits of horses |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1965 |
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Science |
| Volume |
150 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1185 |
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| Author |
Zajonc, R.B. |
| Title |
Social Facilitation |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1965 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
149 |
Issue |
3681 |
Pages |
269-274 |
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300 Multiple ChoicesThis is a pdf-only article and there is no markup to show you.full-text.pdf |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6565 |
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