Records |
Author |
Grubb, T.L.; Foreman, J.H.; Benson, G.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Constable, P.D.; Olson, W.O.; Davis, L.E. |
Title |
Hemodynamic effects of calcium gluconate administered to conscious horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Vet Intern Med |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
10 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
401-404 |
Keywords |
Animals; Blood Pressure/drug effects/physiology; Calcium/blood; Calcium Gluconate/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Cardiac Output/drug effects/physiology; Consciousness/*physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Heart Rate/drug effects/physiology; Hemodynamic Processes/*drug effects/physiology; Horses/blood/*physiology; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/physiology; Respiration/drug effects/physiology; Stroke Volume/drug effects/physiology; Time Factors |
Abstract |
Calcium gluconate was administered to conscious horses at 3 different rates (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg/min for 15 minutes each). Serum calcium concentrations and parameters of cardiovascular function were evaluated. All 3 calcium administration rates caused marked increases in both ionized and total calcium concentrations, cardiac index, stroke index, and cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax). Mean arterial pressure and right atrial pressure were unchanged; heart rate decreased markedly during calcium administration. Ionized calcium concentration remained between 54% and 57% of total calcium concentration throughout the study. We conclude that calcium gluconate can safely be administered to conscious horses at 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg/min and that administration will result in improved cardiac function. |
Address |
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
0891-6640 |
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Notes |
PMID:8947873 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
97 |
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Author |
Leaver, L.; Hopewell, L.; Caldwell, C.; Mallarky, L. |
Title |
Audience effects on food caching in grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis): evidence for pilferage avoidance strategies |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
10 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
23-27 |
Keywords |
Caching – Deception – Pilferage – Grey squirrels – Sciurus carolinensis |
Abstract |
Abstract If food pilferage has been a reliable selection pressure on food caching animals, those animals should have evolved the ability to protect their caches from pilferers. Evidence that animals protect their caches would support the argument that pilferage has been an important adaptive challenge. We observed naturally caching Eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in order to determine whether they used any evasive tactics in order to deter conspecific and heterospecific pilferage. We found that grey squirrels used evasive tactics when they had a conspecific audience, but not when they had a heterospecific (corvid) audience. When other squirrels were present, grey squirrels spaced their caches farther apart and preferentially cached when oriented with their backs to other squirrels, but no such effect was found when birds were present. Our data provide the first evidence that caching mammals are sensitive to the risk of pilferage posed by an audience of conspecifics, and that they utilise evasive tactics that should help to minimise cache loss. We discuss our results in relation to recent theory of reciprocal pilferage and compare them to behaviours shown by caching birds. |
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Call Number |
Admin @ knut @ |
Serial |
4223 |
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Author |
Baumgartner, M.; Boisson, T.; Erhard, M.H.; Zeitler-Feicht, M.H. |
Title |
Common Feeding Practices Pose A Risk to the Welfare of Horses When Kept on Non-Edible Bedding |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animals |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
10 |
Issue |
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Pages |
441 |
Keywords |
horse behaviour; feed intake pause; bedding; welfare indicator; feeding practices; roughage; horse welfare; individual housing system |
Abstract |
During the evolution of the horse, an extended period of feed intake, spread over the entire 24-h period, determined the horses� behaviour and physiology. Horses will not interrupt their feed intake for more than 4 h, if they have a choice. The aim of the present study was to investigate in what way restrictive feeding practices (non ad libitum) affect the horses� natural feed intake behaviour. We observed the feed intake behaviour of 104 horses on edible (n = 30) and non-edible bedding (n = 74) on ten different farms. We assessed the duration of the forced nocturnal feed intake interruption of horses housed on shavings when no additional roughage was available. Furthermore, we comparatively examined the feed intake behaviour of horses housed on edible versus non-edible bedding. The daily restrictive feeding of roughage (2 times a day: n = 8; 3 times a day: n = 2), as it is common in individual housing systems, resulted in a nocturnal feed intake interruption of more than 4 hours for the majority (74.32%, 55/74) of the horses on shavings (8:50 ± 1:25 h, median: 8:45 h, minimum: 6:45 h, maximum: 13:23 h). In comparison to horses on straw, horses on shavings paused their feed intake less frequently and at a later latency. Furthermore, they spent less time on consuming the evening meal than horses on straw. Our results of the comparison of the feed-intake behaviour of horses on edible and non-edible bedding show that the horses� ethological feeding needs are not satisfied on non-edible bedding. If the horses accelerate their feed intake (also defined as �rebound effect�), this might indicate that the horses� welfare is compromised. We conclude that in addition to the body condition score, the longest duration of feed intake interruption (usually in the night) is an important welfare indicator of horses that have limited access to roughage. |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
Animals |
Series Volume |
10 |
Series Issue |
3 |
Edition |
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ISSN |
2076-2615 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6647 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Alexander, F.; Davies, M.E.; Muir, A.R. |
Title |
Bacteriophage-like particles in the large intestine of the horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1970 |
Publication |
Research in veterinary science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Res Vet Sci |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
11 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
592-593 |
Keywords |
Animals; Bacteriophages/*isolation & purification; Cecum/microbiology; Colon/microbiology |
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English |
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ISSN |
0034-5288 |
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Notes |
PMID:5498578 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
114 |
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Author |
Krueger, K.; Esch, L.; Farmer, K.; Marr, I. |
Title |
Basic Needs in Horses?--A Literature Review |
Type |
Magazine Article |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animals |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
11 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1798 |
Keywords |
abnormal behaviour; active responses; horse; movement; passive responses; roughage; stress; social contact |
Abstract |
Every animal species has particular environmental requirements that are essential for its welfare, and when these so-called “basic needs” are not fulfilled, the animals suffer. The basic needs of horses have been claimed to be social contact, social companionship, free movement and access to roughage. To assess whether horses suffer when one or more of the four proposed basic needs are restricted, we examined several studies (n = 38) that reported behavioural and physiological reactions to these restrictions. We assigned the studies according to the four types of responses investigated: (a) Stress, (b) Active, (c) Passive, and (d) Abnormal Behaviour. Furthermore, the number of studies indicating that horses reacted to the restrictions were compared with the number of studies reporting no reaction. The limited number of studies available on single management restrictions did not allow conclusions to be drawn on the effect of each restriction separately, especially in the case of social companionship. However, when combinations of social contact, free movement and access to roughage were restricted, many of the horses had developed responses consistent with suffering. Passive Responses, indicating acute suffering, and Abnormal Behaviour, indicating suffering currently or at some time in the past, were especially clearly demonstrated. This provides further evidence of the usefulness of assessing behavioural parameters in combination with physiological measurements when evaluating horse welfare. This meta-analysis of the literature confirms that it is justified to claim that social contact, free movement and access to roughage are basic needs in horses. |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
Animals |
Series Volume |
11 |
Series Issue |
6 |
Edition |
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ISSN |
2076-2615 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6645 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Gácsi, M.; Kara, E.; Belényi, B.; Topál, J.; Miklósi, Á. |
Title |
The effect of development and individual differences in pointing comprehension of dogs |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
12 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
471-479 |
Keywords |
Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Association Learning; Attention; Chi-Square Distribution; Choice Behavior; *Comprehension; *Concept Formation; Dogs/*psychology; Female; *Gestures; Humans; Male; Orientation; Statistics, Nonparametric |
Abstract |
In spite of the rather different procedures actually used in comparative studies to test the ability of different species to rely on the human pointing gesture, there is no debate on the high performance of dogs in such tasks. Very little is known, however, on the course through which they acquire this ability or the probable factors influencing the process. Important developmental questions have remained unsolved and also some methodological concerns should be addressed before we can convincingly argue for one interpretation or another. In this study we tested 180 dogs of different age (from 2 months to adults) to investigate their performance in the human distal momentary pointing gesture. The results, analyzed at both the group and the individual levels, showed no difference in the performance according to age, indicating that in dogs the comprehension of the human pointing may require only very limited and rapid early learning to fully develop. Interestingly, neither the keeping conditions nor the time spent in active interaction with the owner, and not even some special (agility) training for using human visual cues, had significant effect on the success and explained individual differences. The performance of the dogs was rather stable over time: during the 20 trials within a session and even when subsamples of different age were repeatedly tested. Considering that in spite of the general success at the group level, more than half of the dogs were not successful at the individual level, we revealed alternative “decision-making rules” other than following the pointing gesture of the experimenter. |
Address |
Department of Ethology, Eotvos University, Budapest, Hungary. gm.art@t-online.hu |
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English |
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ISSN |
1435-9456 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:19130102 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4969 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Krueger, K.; Trager, L.; Farmer, K.; Byrne, R. |
Title |
Tool Use in Horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animals |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
12 |
Issue |
15 |
Pages |
1876 |
Keywords |
crowdsourcing; horse; innovation; mule; management; tool use |
Abstract |
Tool use has not yet been confirmed in horses, mules or donkeys. As this subject is difficult to research with conventional methods, we used a crowdsourcing approach to gather data. We contacted equid owners and carers and asked them to report and video examples of �unusual� behaviour via a dedicated website. We also searched YouTube and Facebook for videos of equids showing tool use. From 635 reports, including 1014 behaviours, we found 20 cases of tool use, 13 of which were unambiguous in that it was clear that the behaviour was not trained, caused by reduced welfare, incidental or accidental. We then assessed (a) the effect of management conditions on tool use and (b) whether the animals used tools alone, or socially, involving other equids or humans. We found that management restrictions were associated with corresponding tool use in 12 of the 13 cases (p = 0.01), e.g., equids using sticks to scrape hay within reach when feed was restricted. Furthermore, 8 of the 13 cases involved other equids or humans, such as horses using brushes to groom others. The most frequent tool use was for foraging, with seven examples, tool use for social purposes was seen in four cases, and there was just one case of tool use for escape. There was just one case of tool use for comfort, and in this instance, there were no management restrictions. Equids therefore can develop tool use, especially when management conditions are restricted, but it is a rare occurrence. |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
Animals |
Series Volume |
12 |
Series Issue |
15 |
Edition |
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ISSN |
2076-2615 |
ISBN |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6695 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Cochet, H.; Byrne, R.W. |
Title |
Evolutionary origins of human handedness: evaluating contrasting hypotheses |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2013 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Animal Cognition |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
16 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
531-542 |
Keywords |
Hand preference; Hemispheric specialization; Communicative gestures; Evolution of language; Nonhuman primates; Human children |
Abstract |
Variation in methods and measures, resulting in past dispute over the existence of population handedness in nonhuman great apes, has impeded progress into the origins of human right-handedness and how it relates to the human hallmark of language. Pooling evidence from behavioral studies, neuroimaging and neuroanatomy, we evaluate data on manual and cerebral laterality in humans and other apes engaged in a range of manipulative tasks and in gestural communication. A simplistic human/animal partition is no longer tenable, and we review four (nonexclusive) possible drivers for the origin of population-level right-handedness: skilled manipulative activity, as in tool use; communicative gestures; organizational complexity of action, in particular hierarchical structure; and the role of intentionality in goal-directed action. Fully testing these hypotheses will require developmental and evolutionary evidence as well as modern neuroimaging data. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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English |
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Edition |
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1435-9448 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5691 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Alexander, F.; Collett, R.A. |
Title |
Pethidine in the horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Research in veterinary science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Res Vet Sci |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
17 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
136-137 |
Keywords |
Animals; Half-Life; Horses/*metabolism; Injections, Intravenous/veterinary; Male; Meperidine/administration & dosage/analysis/*metabolism/pharmacology |
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English |
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0034-5288 |
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Notes |
PMID:4421117 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
113 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Nicol, C.J.; Adachi, M.; Akiyama, T.E.; Gonzalez, F.J. |
Title |
PPARgamma in endothelial cells influences high fat diet-induced hypertension |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
American journal of hypertension : journal of the American Society of Hypertension |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Hypertens |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
18 |
Issue |
4 Pt 1 |
Pages |
549-556 |
Keywords |
Administration, Oral; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology; Blood Pressure/drug effects; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology; Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage/pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endothelial Cells/*metabolism; Female; Heart Rate/drug effects; Hypertension/*etiology; Ligands; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; PPAR gamma/*metabolism; Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage/pharmacology; Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology |
Abstract |
BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands improve human hypertension. However, the mechanism and site of this effect remains unknown, confounded by PPARgamma expression in many cell types, including endothelial cells (ECs). METHODS: To evaluate the vascular role of PPARgamma we used a conditional null mouse model. Specific disruption of PPARgamma in ECs was created by crossing Tie2-Cre+ transgenic (T2T+) and PPARgamma-floxed (fl/fl) mice to generate PPARgamma (fl/fl)T2T+ (PPARgamma E-null) mice. Conscious 8- to 12-week-old congenic PPARgamma (fl/fl)Cre- (wild type) and PPARgamma E-null mice were examined for changes in systolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR), untreated, after 2 months of salt-loading (drinking water), and after treatment for 3 months with high fat (HF) diet alone or supplemented during the last 2 weeks with rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg/d). RESULTS: Untreated PPARgamma E-nulls were phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type littermates. However, compared to similarly treated wild types, HF-treated PPARgamma E-nulls had significantly elevated systolic BP not seen after normal diet or salt-loading. Despite sex-dependent baseline differences, salt-loaded and HF-treated PPARgamma E-nulls of either sex had significantly elevated HR versus wild types. Interestingly, rosiglitazone improved serum insulin levels, but not HF diet-induced hypertension, in PPARgamma E-null mice. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PPARgamma in ECs not only is an important regulator of hypertension and HR under stressed conditions mimicking those arising in type 2 diabetics, but also mediates the antihypertensive effects of rosiglitazone. These data add evidence supporting a beneficial role for PPARgamma-specific ligands in the treatment of hypertension, and suggest therapeutic strategies targeting ECs may prove useful. |
Address |
Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0895-7061 |
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Notes |
PMID:15831367 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
69 |
Permanent link to this record |