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Gallup GG |
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Title |
Chimpanzees: self-recognition |
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1970 |
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Science |
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Science |
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86 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2997 |
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Pinchbeck, G.L.; Clegg, P.D.; Proudman, C.J.; Stirk, A.; Morgan, K.L.; French, N.P. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Horse injuries and racing practices in National Hunt racehorses in the UK: the results of a prospective cohort study |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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The Veterinary Journal |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
167 |
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1 |
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45-52 |
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Racehorse; Horse; Injury; Cohort; National Hunt |
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A prospective cohort study was conducted on horses starting in hurdle and steeplechase races on six UK racecourses in 2000 and 2001. Trainers or carers were questioned on the horses' pre-race routine and observational data were collected in the stables and parade ring. Some practices were common to many starters, such as withholding food and water before racing whereas other practices, such as schooling frequency, were more variable. There was a total of 2879 starts and a total of 83 injuries or medical events (28.8/1000 starts). The commonest types of injury were tendon/suspensory injuries and lacerations/wounds. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify the relationship between predictor variables and the risk of injury. Risk of injury or medical event was associated with distance of the race and weight carried. The risk of injury, excluding medical events, was associated with the speed of the race and foot conformation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3672 |
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Author |
Rosenzweig, M.R. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Representations of the Two Ears at the Auditory Cortex |
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Journal Article |
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1951 |
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American Journal of Physiology -- Legacy Content |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
167 |
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1 |
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147-158 |
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This investigation is part of a more general study of binaural perception and
its electrophysiological correlates. In order to account for some of the
phenomena of binaural perception, Boring (I) proposed that the two ears
are represented at the auditory cortex by two different populations of cortical units.
We have attempted to test this hypothesis, taking up two aspects in succession:
I) Do the populations of cortical units that represent the two ears differ in
size at the two cerebral hemispheres?S timulation of either ear evokes electrophysiological
responseso ver the entire extent of the auditory cortex of both hemispheres.
It has been suggestedt hat the responsesa re larger in amplitude at the hemisphere
contralateral to the ear stimulated (2-4), but this has also been denied (5). We will
present quantitative evidence to show that at both hemispheres the response of
the contralateral ear is significantly larger than the response of the ipsilateral ear.3
2> Are the two ears represented by independent populations of cortical units,
or are they represented by overlapping populations of cortical units? Results from
a small number of experiments indicate that the two populations overlap considerably. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5359 |
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Author |
Lovrovich, P.; Sighieri, C.; Baragli, P. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Following human-given cues or not? Horses (Equus caballus) get smarter and change strategy in a delayed three choice task |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
166 |
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80-88 |
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Highlights
�Horses remember the location of food hidden by the experimenter after a delay.
�They understand the communicative meaning of a human positioned close to the target.
�The same horses are capable of changing their decision-making strategy.
�They are able to shift from accuracy inferred from human given cues to speed.
�Horses can use human cues or not depending on time, cost, experience and reward.
Abstract
To date, horses have seemed capable of using human local enhancement cues only when the experimenter remains close to the reward, since they fail to understand the communicative meaning of the human as momentary local enhancement cue (when the human is not present at the moment of the animal's choice). This study was designed to analyse the ability of horses to understand, remember and use human-given cues in a delayed (10 s) three-choice task. Twelve horses (experimental group) had to find a piece of carrot hidden under one of three overturned buckets after seeing the experimenter hide it. The results were then compared with those of a control group (twelve horses) that had to find the carrot using only the sense of smell or random attempts. At the beginning, the experimental horses made more correct choices at the first attempt, although they took more time to find the carrot. Later the same horses were less accurate but found the carrot in less time. This suggests that the value of the proximal momentary local enhancement cues became less critical. It seemed, in fact, that the experimental and control group had aligned their behaviour as the trials proceeded. Despite this similarity, in the second half of the trials, the experimental group tended to first approach the bucket where they had found the carrot in the immediately preceding trial. Our findings indicate that horses are capable of remembering the location of food hidden by the experimenter after a delay, by using the human positioned close to the target as valuable information. The same horses are also capable of changing their decision-making strategy by shifting from the accuracy inferred from human given cues to speed. Therefore, horses are able to decide whether or not to use human given-cues, depending on a speed-accuracy trade-off. |
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Elsevier |
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doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.02.017 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5849 |
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Author |
Sheriff, M.J.; Dantzer, B.; Delehanty, B.; Palme, R.; Boonstra, R. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Measuring stress in wildlife: techniques for quantifying glucocorticoids |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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Oecologia |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
166 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
869-887 |
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Stress responses play a key role in allowing animals to cope with change and challenge in the face of both environmental certainty and uncertainty. Measurement of glucocorticoid levels, key elements in the neuroendocrine stress axis, can give insight into an animal’s well-being and can aid understanding ecological and evolutionary processes as well as conservation and management issues. We give an overview of the four main biological samples that have been utilized [blood, saliva, excreta (feces and urine), and integumentary structures (hair and feathers)], their advantages and disadvantages for use with wildlife, and some of the background and pitfalls that users must consider in interpreting their results. The matrix of choice will depend on the nature of the study and of the species, on whether one is examining the impact of acute versus chronic stressors, and on the degree of invasiveness that is possible or desirable. In some cases, more than one matrix can be measured to achieve the same ends. All require a significant degree of expertise, sometimes in obtaining the sample and always in extracting and analyzing the glucocorticoid or its metabolites. Glucocorticoid measurement is proving to be a powerful integrator of environmental stressors and of an animal’s condition. |
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1432-1939 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Sheriff2011 |
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6150 |
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Author |
Flack, J.C.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Krakauer, D.C. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Social structure, robustness, and policing cost in a cognitively sophisticated species |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
The American Naturalist |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am Nat |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
165 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
E126-139 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Macaca nemestrina/*physiology; Male; Models, Biological; *Social Behavior |
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Abstract |
Conflict management is one of the primary requirements for social complexity. Of the many forms of conflict management, one of the rarest and most interesting is third-party policing, or intervening impartially to control conflict. Third-party policing should be hard to evolve because policers personally pay a cost for intervening, while the benefits are diffused over the whole group. In this study we investigate the incidence and costs of policing in a primate society. We report quantitative evidence of non-kin policing in the nonhuman primate, the pigtailed macaque. We find that policing is effective at reducing the intensity of or terminating conflict when performed by the most powerful individuals. We define a measure, social power consensus, that predicts effective low-cost interventions by powerful individuals and ineffective, relatively costly interventions by low-power individuals. Finally, we develop a simple probabilistic model to explore whether the degree to which policing can effectively reduce the societal cost of conflict is dependent on variance in the distribution of power. Our data and simple model suggest that third-party policing effectiveness and cost are dependent on power structure and might emerge only in societies with high variance in power. |
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Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu |
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English |
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1537-5323 |
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PMID:15795848 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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168 |
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Author |
BACK DG et al, |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Observations on the sexual behaviour of nonlactating mares |
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Journal Article |
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1974 |
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Amer Vet Med Ass J |
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165 |
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717-720 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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907 |
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Author |
Uehara, T.; Yokomizo, H.; Iwasa, Y. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Mate-choice copying as Bayesian decision making |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
The American naturalist |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am Nat |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
165 |
Issue |
3 |
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403-410 |
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Animals; *Bayes Theorem; *Choice Behavior; Female; Male; *Models, Biological; *Sexual Behavior, Animal |
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Abstract |
Mate-choice copying by females has been reported in fishes (e.g., guppies) and lekking birds. Presumably, females assess males' quality using both information from direct observation of males and information acquired by observing other females' choices. Here, we study mathematically the conditions under which mate-choice copying is advantageous on the basis of Bayesian decision theory. A female may observe the mate choice of another female, called the model female, who has performed an optimal choice based on her own judgment. The conditions required for the focal female to choose the same mate as that chosen by the model female should depend on the male's appearance to her, the reliability of her own judgment of male quality, and the reliability of the model females. When three or more females are involved, the optimal mate choice critically depends on whether multiple model females make decisions independently or they themselves copy the choices of others. If two equally reliable females choose different males, the choice of the second female, made knowing the choice of the first, should have a stronger effect on the choice of the third (focal) female. This “last-choice precedence” should be tested experimentally. |
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Address |
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan. uehara@bio-math.biology.kyushu-u.ac.jp |
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1537-5323 |
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PMID:15729669 |
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1821 |
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Golland, L.C.; Evans, D.L.; McGowan, C.M.; Hodgson, D.R.; Rose, R.J. |
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Title |
The effects of overtraining on blood volumes in standardbred racehorses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997) |
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Vet J |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
165 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
228-233 |
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Animals; *Blood Volume; Erythrocytes/*physiology; Hematocrit/veterinary; Horse Diseases/etiology/*physiopathology; Horses; Male; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; Physical Endurance |
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Red blood cell hypervolaemia has been used for diagnosis of overtraining in racehorses, and has been suggested as a mechanism of this cause of loss of racing performance. The effects of overload training (OLT) on the plasma, blood and red cell volumes were investigated in a prospective study in 12 Standardbred horses. Measurements of blood volumes were made after eight and 32 weeks of an exercise training study. Horses were randomly allocated to OLT and control groups (n=6) after 16 weeks of training. Training duration and intensity were increased more rapidly for the OLT group from week 16, until overtraining was diagnosed in week 32.There were no significant effects of OLT on plasma, blood or total red cell volumes between weeks eight and 32. These volumes significantly decreased with time. Maximal haematocrit after exercise was lower (P<0.05) in the OT group in week 32 (0.57+/-0.003% L/L) than in week eight (0.59+/-0.004 L/L). It was concluded that red cell hypervolaemia was not a mechanism for the decrease in capacity for exercise that occurs with overtraining. |
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Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia |
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1090-0233 |
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PMID:12672368 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4045 |
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Author |
Gardner, A., West, S. A. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Cooperation and Punishment, Especially in Humans |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
Publication |
The American Naturalist |
Abbreviated Journal |
Americ. Natur. |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
164 |
Issue |
6 |
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753-764 |
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kin selection, neighbor-modulated fitness, repression of |
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Abstract |
Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest
challenges faced by sociologists, economists, and evolutionary biologists.
The problem is determining why an individual would carry
out a costly behavior that benefits another. Possible solutions to this
problem include kinship, repeated interactions, and policing. Another
solution that has recently received much attention is the threat
of punishment. However, punishing behavior is often costly for the
punisher, and so it is not immediately clear how costly punishment
could evolve. We use a direct (neighbor-modulated) fitness approach
to analyze when punishment is favored. This methodology reveals
that, contrary to previous suggestions, relatedness between interacting
individuals is not crucial to explaining cooperation through punishment.
In fact, increasing relatedness directly disfavors punishing
behavior. Instead, the crucial factor is a positive correlation between
the punishment strategy of an individual and the cooperation it
receives. This could arise in several ways, such as when facultative
adjustment of behavior leads individuals to cooperate more when
interacting with individuals who are more likely to punish. More
generally, our results provide a clear example of how the fundamental
factor driving the evolution of social traits is a correlation between
social partners and how this can arise for reasons other than genealogical
kinship. |
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University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, |
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refbase @ user @ |
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341 |
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