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Author |
Gatta, D.; Baragli, P.; Ferrarini, N.; Ciattini, F.; Sighieri, C.; Colombani, B. |
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Title |
Fitness evaluation in endurance horses by standardised exercise test on treadmill |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Ippologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Valutazione dello stato di allenamento del cavallo da endurance mediante test standardizzato su trea |
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9 |
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4 |
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57-69 |
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Endurance; Horses; Treadmill |
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Endurance horses, like marathon runners, undertake sub-maximal, longterm physical exercises and in both cases thermoregulation plays a critical role. A standardised sub-maximal treadmill test was used to assess fitness and training state in endurance horses. Literature reports that trained human athletes dissipate head load better than not trained ones; in this study parameters related to thermoregulation were recorded together with other haematologic and metabolic ones. Six endurance horses, divided into two groups according to their training state, performed two submaximal tests at a distance of one week. Blood samples were collected at rest, during exercise, at the end and during recovery (10, 30 and 60 minutes after work). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal (RT) and skin (ST) temperatures were monitored through the exercise (and recovery for HR). HR resulted significantly lower (P<0.01) in trained horses than in untrained ones, especially during recovery. Also rectal and skin temperatures resulted significantly lower (P<0.05) in trained horses and ST increased more gradually during exercise. The values of haematocrit and haemoglobin resulted significantly lower (P<0.05) at rest, during exercise and recovery samples. In this study, the parameters related to thermoregulation, in accordance with data from human athletes, resulted significantly different in trained and untrained horses, while other parameters didn't vary significantly between the two groups. Thermoregulatory responses to exercise-generated heat load in a standardised test, studied by simple parameters, can thus offer useful information about fitness and training state of endurance horses. |
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Dipto. Anat., Biochim. Fisiol. Vet., Univ. degli Studi di Pisa |
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Cited By (since 1996): 2; Export Date: 13 November 2008; Source: Scopus |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4655 |
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Peters, G.; Tembrock, G. |
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Title |
Subharmonics, biphonation, and deterministic chaos in mammal vocalizations |
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1998 |
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Bioacoustics |
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9 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Peters1998 |
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6483 |
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Whiten, A. |
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Title |
Imitation of the sequential structure of actions by chimpanzees |
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1998 |
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J Comp Psychol |
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11 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Whiten1998 |
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6291 |
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Connor, R.C.; Mann, J.; Tyack, P.L.; Whitehead, H. |
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Title |
Social evolution in toothed whales |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Ecol. Evol |
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13 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
228-232 |
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Keywords |
odontocetes; toothed whales; social evolution; communication; bottlenose dolphins; sperm whales; long-term studies; foraging |
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Two contrasting results emerge from comparisons of the social systems of several odontocetes with terrestrial mammals. Researchers have identified remarkable convergence in prominent features of the social systems of odontocetes such as the sperm whale and bottlenose dolphin with a few well-known terrestrial mammals such as the elephant and chimpanzee. In contrast, studies on killer whales and Baird's beaked whale reveal novel social solutions to aquatic living. The combination of convergent and novel features in odontocete social systems promise a more general understanding of the ecological determinants of social systems in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats, as well as the relationship between relative brain size and social evolution. |
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0169-5347 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4789 |
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Author |
Hopkins, W.D.; Parr, L.A. |
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Title |
Lateralized behavior and lymphocyte counts in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes): A cross-sectional and longitudinal assessment |
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1998 |
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Developmental Neuropsychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Developmental Neuropsychology |
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14 |
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4 |
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519-533 |
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Cross?sectional and longitudinal assessment of lymphocyte count and behavioral laterality was examined in a sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to assess the validity of the Geschwind?Behan?Galaburda (GBG) theory of cerebral lateralization. For the cross?sectional analysis, chimpanzees classified as right?handed for feeding exhibited lower lymphocyte counts than chimpanzees classified as either ambiguously handed or left?handed. Longitudinal analysis indicated that some measures of laterality within the first 3 months of life predicted (a) direction of hand preference at 2 to 5 years of age and (b) lymphocyte counts for the first 3 years of life. The association between lymphocyte count and behavioral laterality was more evident in males than females. Taken together, the results support some aspects of the GBG theory. |
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Routledge |
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8756-5641 |
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doi: 10.1080/87565649809540726 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5780 |
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Author |
Byrne, R. W.; Russon, A. E. |
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Title |
Learning by imitation: a hierachical approach |
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Year |
1998 |
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Behav. Brain Sci. |
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21 |
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667-721 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5598 |
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Author |
Blokland, A. |
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Title |
Reaction time responding in rats |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
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Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
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22 |
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6 |
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847-864 |
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Keywords |
Amphetamine/pharmacology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/drug effects/*physiology; Conditioning, Operant/drug effects/*physiology; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Reaction Time/drug effects/*physiology |
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The use of reaction time has a great tradition in the field of human information processing research. In animal research the use of reaction time test paradigms is mainly limited to two research fields: the role of the striatum in movement initiation; and aging. It was discussed that reaction time responding can be regarded as “single behavior”, this term was used to indicate that only one behavioral category is measured, allowing a better analysis of brain-behavior relationships. Reaction time studies investigating the role of the striatum in motor functions revealed that the initiation of a behavioral response is dependent on the interaction of different neurotransmitters (viz. dopamine, glutamate, GABA). Studies in which lesions were made in different brain structures suggested that motor initiation is dependent on defined brain structures (e.g. medialldorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex). It was concluded that the use of reaction time measures can indeed be a powerful tool in studying brain-behavior relationships. However, there are some methodological constraints with respect to the assessment of reaction time in rats, as was tried to exemplify by the experiments described in the present paper. On the one hand one should try to control for behavioral characteristics of rats that may affect the validity of the parameter reaction time. On the other hand, the mean value of reaction time should be in the range of what has been reported in man. Although these criteria were not always met in several studies, it was concluded that reaction time can be validly assessed in rats. Finally, it was discussed that the use of reaction time may go beyond studies that investigate the role of the basal ganglia in motor output. Since response latency is a direct measure of information processing this parameter may provide insight into basic elements of cognition. Based on the significance of reaction times in human studies the use of this dependent variable in rats may provide a fruitful approach in studying brain-behavior relationships in cognitive functions. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands |
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0149-7634 |
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PMID:9809315 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2807 |
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Author |
Cox, G.; Ashford, T. |
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Title |
Riddle Me This: The Craft and Concept of Animal Mind |
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1998 |
Publication |
Science Technology Human Values |
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23 |
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4 |
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425-438 |
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This article examines the relations between methods used in both animal work and study and concepts of animal mind. By “animal work” the authors mean humans and animals working together, and by “animal study” they mean the discipline of ethology, especially the emerging area of cognitive ethology. Within these areas the wide range of conceptions of animal mind includes varying emphases on intelligence, forms of rationality and language, cognition, consciousness, and intentionality. The authors' central concern is to elucidate the vocabulary and the concepts which seem necessary to establishing successful working relationships with sheepdogs and gundogs. Their argument moves toward an emphasis on the appreciation of particular intentional states and recognizes that they invariably deploy elements of a moral vocabulary in achieving creative teamwork performances with dogs and other animals. The article concludes by consid enng the relevance of accounts of work with animals for associated considerations of intentionality. |
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10.1177/016224399802300404 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2957 |
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Author |
Urcuioli, P.J.; DeMarse, T.B.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Transfer across delayed discriminations: II. Differences in the substitutability of initial versus test stimuli |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
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Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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24 |
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1 |
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47-59 |
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Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae/physiology; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Retention (Psychology)/physiology |
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In 2 experiments, pigeons were trained on, and then transferred to, delayed simple discriminations in which the initial stimuli signalled reinforcement versus extinction following a retention interval. Experiment 1 showed that discriminative responding on the retention test transferred to novel test stimuli that had appeared in another delayed simple discrimination but not to stimuli having the same reinforcement history off-baseline. By contrast, Experiment 2 showed that performances transferred to novel initial stimuli whether they had been trained on-baseline or off-baseline. These results suggest that the test stimuli in delayed simple discriminations acquire control over responding only in the memory task itself. On the other hand, control by the initial stimuli, if coded as outcome expectancies, does not require such task-specific training. |
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Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1364, USA. uche@psych.purdue.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:9438965 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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253 |
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Mench, J.A.; Morrow-Tesch, J.; Chu, L.-R. |
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Environmental enrichment for farm animals |
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1998 |
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Lab Animal |
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Lab Anim. |
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27 |
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32-36 |
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ISSN : 0093-7355 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6188 |
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