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Author |
Shettleworth, S.J.; Plowright, C.M. |
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Title |
How pigeons estimate rates of prey encounter |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume  |
18 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
219-235 |
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Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Food Preferences/*psychology; Motivation; *Predatory Behavior; *Probability Learning; *Reinforcement Schedule; Social Environment |
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Abstract |
Pigeons were trained on operant schedules simulating successive encounters with prey items. When items were encountered on variable-interval schedules, birds were more likely to accept a poor item (long delay to food) the longer they had just searched, as if they were averaging prey density over a short memory window (Experiment 1). Responding as if the immediate future would be like the immediate past was reversed when a short search predicted a long search next time (Experiment 2). Experience with different degrees of environmental predictability appeared to change the length of the memory window (Experiment 3). The results may reflect linear waiting (Higa, Wynne, & Staddon, 1991), but they differ in some respects. The findings have implications for possible mechanisms of adjusting behavior to current reinforcement conditions. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:1619391 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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382 |
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Author |
Elzenga, J. W, |
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Title |
Why zebras are striped |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Swara |
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Swara |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
28-30 |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1068 |
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Author |
Cheney DL; Seyfarth RM |
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Title |
Characterizing the mind of another species |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
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Behav. Brain Sci. |
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15 |
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172 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2988 |
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Author |
Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J. |
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Title |
Punishment allows the evolution of cooperation (or anything else) in sizable groups |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
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Ethol. Sociobiol. |
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13 |
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Pages |
171-195 |
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Existing models suggest that reciprocity is unlikely to evolve in large groups as a result of natural selection. In these models, reciprocators punish noncooperation by with-holding future cooperation, and thus also penalize other cooperators in the group. Here, we analyze a model in which the response is some form of punishment that is directed solely at noncooperators. We refer to such alternative forms of punishment as retribution. We show that cooperation enforced by retribution can lead to the evolution of cooperation in two qualitatively different ways. (1) If benefits of cooperation to an individual are greater than the costs to a single individual of coercing the other n − 1 individuals to cooperate, then strategies which cooperate and punish noncooperators, strategies which cooperate only if punished, and, sometimes, strategies which cooperate but do not punish will coexist in the long run. (2) If the costs of being punished are large enough, moralistic strategies which cooperate, punish noncooperators, and punish those who do not punish noncooperators can be evolutionarily stable. We also show, however, that moralistic strategies can cause any individually costly behavior to be evolutionarily stable, whether or not it creates a group benefit. |
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10.1016/0162-3095(92)90032-Y |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4913 |
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Author |
Schmidt, D. |
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Title |
Information Resources in Animal Behavior |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Science & Technology Libraries |
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12 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
69-83 |
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Abstract |
The study of animal behavior has been around for many years, but it is divided into several fields which often do not communicate well. These fields of study include (but are not limited to) comparative psychology, ethology, behavioral ecology, and sociobiology. Comparative psychology is more isolated than the other three fields, which share a common biological/evolutionary background. This paper gives a brief background of the four main fields of animal behavior research, along with a list of sources, both specialized and interdisciplinary. |
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Routledge |
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0194-262x |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4725 |
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Author |
Wall, D.L.; Topliff, D.R.; Freeman, D.W.; Wagner, D.G.; Breazile, J.W.; Stutz, W.A. |
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Title |
Effect of dietary cation-anion balance on urinary mineral excretion in exercised horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
168-171 |
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Abstract |
Summary Four mares and four geldings of Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred breeding were used in two simultaneous 4x4 Latin square experiments to study the effects of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB), defined as meq ((Na+K)-C1)/kg dry matter, on urinary pH and mineral excretion in exercised horses. Diets consisted of a pelleted concentrate of corn, soybean meal and cottonseed hulls fed with bermudagrass hay. Treatments with DCAB of +5 (Low, L), +107 (Medium Low, ML), +201 (Medium High, MH) and +327 (High, H), meq ((Na+K)-Cl)/kg dry matter were formed by supplementing diet L with calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, diet ML with calcium chloride and diet H with sodium bicarbonate and potassium citrate (Table 1). Diet MH was not supplemented and served as the control treatment. Horses were conditioned aerobically for 6 weeks using long, slow, distance (LSD) workouts. During the experimental periods, horses were subjected to a combined exercise regimen alternating LSD with an interval-training protocol 6 days/week. There was a significant (P<.01) treatment effect on urine pH; least squares means for L, ML, MH and H were 6.73, 7.17, 7.38, and 7.92. Horses consuming diet L excreted more calcium in the urine (P<.05) than those consuming MH or H. Least squares means for daily urine calcium excretion tended to be linear across treatments and ranged from 19.66 g/day for diet L to 9.12 g/day for diet H. Urinary chloride excretion was higher (P<.05) for L than for MH or H. Horses fed diet H excreted more sodium (P<.05) in urine than horses fed the other diets. Lowering DCAB, increases urinary calcium loss; depending on the level of calcium intake, this could lead to negative calcium balance in exercising horses. |
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ISSN |
0737-0806 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4833 |
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Author |
Stutz, W.A.; Topliff, D.R.; Freeman, D.W.; Tucker, W.B.; Breazile, J.W.; Wall, D.L. |
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Title |
Effects of dietary cation-anion balance on blood parameters in exercising horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
164-167 |
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Summary Four geldings and four mares of primarily Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse breeding were used in simultaneous 4x4 Latin square experiments to test the effects of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB), defined as meq ((Na+K)-C1)/kg diet dry matter, on blood pH, blood gases, acid-base status and plasma glucose in horses at rest and following anaerobic exercise. Four diets, consisting of a base concentrate of corn, soybean meal and cottonseed hulls fed in a 60:40 ratio with Bermudagrass hay, were formulated to provide a DCAB of 5 (L=Low), 107 (ML=Medium Low), 201 (MH=Medium High) and 327 (H=High) meq ((Na+K)-C1)/kg diet dry matter. Calcium chloride and ammonium chloride were added to treatment L and ML and sodium bicarbonate and potassium citrate were added to treatment H to achieve the desired cation-anion balance. Treatment MH was not supplemented and served as the control treatment. Prior to the experiment, horses performed six weeks of long, slow, distance (LSD) work. During the experimental periods, horses were subjected to an exercise regimen alternating LSD with an interval training protocol 6 days/week. Venous blood pH, pCO2 and bicarbonate levels were significantly lower in horses at rest consuming diet L versus diets MH and H. Blood pH and acid-base parameters decreased with decreasing DCAB. There were no significant differences in blood pH or acid-base parameters between treatments, after anaerobic exercise. Plasma glucose concentrations for treatment L were significantly lower than treatment H at 10, 20, and 30 minutes post-exercise. These data suggest that DCAB has significant effect on acid-base status and indicate that horses consuming diets with low DCAB may experience a metabolic acidosis. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4834 |
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Author |
Covalesky, M.E.; Russoniello, C.R.; Malinowski, K. |
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Effects of show-jumping performance stress on plasma cortisol and lactate concentrations and heart rate and behavior in horses |
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Journal Article |
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1992 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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12 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
244-251 |
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Summary Effects of show jumping competition on stress levels in horses was examined. Twenty-six homes were sampled in both show and farm environments from three levels of show experience schooling, (least experience, n=11); intermediate, (moderate experience, n=6); open, (most experience, n=9). Blood samples were taken at 6 time points; 3 at the horse show and 3 at the home farm (baseline at rest, pre-schooling and post-performance over a jump course). Stress responses were assessed through comparison of the behavioral response of the horses (determined by a subjective scoring system) to plasma cortisol (F) concentrations. Physical exertion was evaluated by heart rate (HR) and plasma lactate (L) concentrations. Schooling jumpers displayed higher baseline F concentrations than open jumpers (83g±9.2 vs 46.4±10.2 ng/ml, respectively; p<.05); but not when compared to intermediate jumpers (66.2 ± 13.7 ng/ml; p>.05) at the horse show. At the farm, there were no differences in F concentrations between experience levels at a time point (p<.05). Least experienced horses displayed higher F values at rest at the show compared to the home farm. At the show, open jumpers had higher L concentrations post-exercise compared to intermediate horses (40.3±3.4 vs 25.5±4.0 mg/dL, respectively; p<.05); but were not different compared to schooling jumpers (34.8±2.0 mg/dL; p>.05). There were no differences in heart rates or behavior score between experience levels at specific time points at either the show or farm (p>.05). Low positive correlations were found between HR and F (r=.24, p<.05); HR and L (r-.48, p<.05); and HR and behavior (r=.22, p<.05). Results suggest that conditioned jumpers that have previously been exposed to horse show environments do not appear stressed during acute show-jumping competition. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5622 |
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Author |
Detmer, D. |
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Title |
Response: of pigs and primitive notions |
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1992 |
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Between the Species : a Journal of Ethics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Between Species |
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8 |
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4 |
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203-208 |
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Agriculture; *Animal Rights; Animals; *Animals, Genetically Modified; Humans; Self Concept; Stress, Psychological; Genetics and Reproduction |
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PMID:12091951; KIE: 9 fn.; KIE: KIE BoB Subject Heading: genetic intervention |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4156 |
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Author |
Dugatkin, L.A.; Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Houston, A.I. |
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Title |
Beyond the prisoner's dilemma: Toward models to discriminate among mechanisms of cooperation in nature |
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1992 |
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Trends Evol. Ecol. |
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7 |
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202-205 |
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The iterated prisoner's dilemma game, or IPD, has now established itself as the orthodox paradigm for theoretical investigations of the evolution of cooperation; but its scope is restricted to reciprocity, which is only one of three categories of cooperation among unrelated individuals. Even within that category, a cooperative encounter has in general three phases, and the IPD has nothing to say about two of them. To distinguish among mechanisms of cooperation in nature, future theoretical work on the evolution of cooperation must distance itself from economics and develop games as a refinement of ethology's comparative approach. |
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10.1016/0169-5347(92)90074-L |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4843 |
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