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Author |
Harrington, F.H. |
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Title |
Aggressive howling in wolves |
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1987 |
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Anim Behav |
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35 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Harrington1987 |
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6457 |
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Author |
Hardy, J.L. |
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Title |
The ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Central Valley of California, 1945-1985 |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
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The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
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Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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37 |
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3 Suppl |
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18s-32s |
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Aedes/microbiology; Animals; Birds; California; Culex/microbiology; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/*physiology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*history/microbiology/transmission/veterinary; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/history/transmission; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/microbiology; Mammals |
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Abstract |
Reeves' concept of the summer transmission cycle of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in 1945 was that the virus was amplified in a silent transmission cycle involving mosquitoes, domestic chickens, and possibly wild birds, from which it could be transmitted tangentially to and cause disease in human and equine populations. Extensive field and laboratory studies done since 1945 in the Central Valley of California have more clearly defined the specific invertebrate and vertebrate hosts involved in the basic virus transmission cycle, but the overall concept remains unchanged. The basic transmission cycle involves Culex tarsalis as the primary vector mosquito species and house finches and house sparrows as the primary amplifying hosts. Secondary amplifying hosts, upon which Cx. tarsalis frequently feeds, include other passerine species, chickens, and possibly pheasants in areas where they are abundant. Another transmission cycle that most likely is initiated from the Cx. tarsalis-wild bird cycle involves Aedes melanimon and the blacktail jackrabbit. Like humans and horses, California ground squirrels, western tree squirrels, and a few other wild mammal species become infected tangentially with the virus but do not contribute significantly to virus amplification. |
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Department of Biomedical and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720 |
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English |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:3318522 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2677 |
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Author |
Mcinnis Ml, V.M. |
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Title |
Dietary relationships among feral horses, cattle, and pronhorn in southeastern Oregon |
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Year |
1987 |
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J Range Mgmt |
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40 |
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60-66 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1379 |
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Author |
Berger, J.; Cunningham, C. |
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Title |
Influence of Familiarity on Frequency of Inbreeding in Wild Horses |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evolution |
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41 |
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229-231 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2232 |
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Wasserman, S. |
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Title |
Conformity of two sociometric relations |
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1987 |
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Psychometrika |
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Psychometrika |
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52 |
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1 |
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3-18 |
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Abstract The problem of comparing two sociometric relations or measurements (A andB) recorded in distinct sociomatrices was originally discussed by Katz and Powell in the early 1950's and Hubert and Baker in the late 1970's. The problem is considered again using a probabilistic model designed specifically for discrete-valued network measurements. The model allows for the presence of various structural tendencies, such as reciprocity and differential popularity. A parameter that isolates the tendency for actors to choose other actors on both relations simultaneously is introduced, and estimated conditional on the presence of other parameters that reflect additional important network properties. The parameter is presented as a symmetric index but is also generalized to the predictive (A onB orB onA) situation. This approach to the problem is illustrated with the same data used by the earlier solutions, and the unique nature of the two relations in the data set (A = received choices,B = perceived choices), as it affects the modeling, is discussed. Significance tests for the parameter and related parameters are described, as well as an extension to more than two relations. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5027 |
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Author |
Penzhorn Bl, |
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Title |
Descriptions of incisors of known – age Cape Mountain Zebras from the Mountain Zebra National park |
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Year |
1987 |
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Onderstepoort J vet Res |
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54 |
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135-141 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1459 |
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Author |
Illius,A. W.; Gordon, I. J. |
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The Allometry of Food Intake in Grazing Ruminants |
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1987 |
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The Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
T. J. Anim. Ecol. |
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56 |
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3 |
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989-999 |
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A simulation model of grazing mechanics in ruminants shows that, due to the allometric relations of bite size and metabolic requirements to body size, small animals are able to subsist on shorter swards than large animals. (2) The density of nutrients in the grazed horizon of the modelled swards markedly affected the ability of animals of a given body size to satisfy their energy requirements. (3) By extension, the allometric relationships would be expected to apply in selective grazing and browsing species in their choice of food items of different size and nutrient content. (4) The results support the argument that sexual segregation and habitat choice of dimorphic species is an effect of scramble competition for limited resources, the males thus being excluded from mutually preferred swards. (5) The model provides an explanation for two interspecific phenomena amongst grazers: grazing succession and grazing facilitation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4265 |
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Author |
Hildebrand, M. |
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The Mechanics of Horse Legs |
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1987 |
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American Scientist |
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Amer. Sci. |
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75 |
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6 |
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594-601 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2301 |
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Author |
Rutberg, A.T. |
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Title |
Horse Fly Harassment and the Social Behavior of Feral Ponies |
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1987 |
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Ethology |
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Ethology |
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75 |
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2 |
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145-154 |
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Abstract Horse flies (Tabanidae) on and around feral ponies in harem groups were counted at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland, U.S.A., between June and August 1985. Harem stallions attracted the most flies; adult mares showed intermediate fly numbers, while few flies landed on foals under any circumstances. The use of thermal and chemical cues by flies selecting a host may have helped create this disparity. When flies were abundant, ponies reduced spacing within the group. Ponies in larger groups suffered from fewer flies than ponies in smaller groups. There was, however, no evidence that ponies merged into larger groups in response to fly harassment, suggesting that biting flies play little role in structuring pony social organization. |
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Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111) |
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0179-1613 |
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doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00648.x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6417 |
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Author |
SUMMERS PM et al, |
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Sucessful transfer of the embryos of Przewalski's horses and Grant's zebra to domestic mares |
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1987 |
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J Reprod Fert |
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80 |
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13-20 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1638 |
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