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Author Wilson, S. D.; Clark, A. B.; Coleman, K.; Dearstyne, T. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Shyness and boldness in humans and other animals Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Trends in Ecology & Evolution Abbreviated Journal Trends. Ecol. Evol  
  Volume (down) 9 Issue 11 Pages 442-446  
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  Abstract The shy-bold continuum is a fundamental axis of behavioral variation in humans and at least some other species, but its taxonomic distribution and evolutionary implications are unknown. Models of optimal risk, density- or frequency-dependent selection, and phenotypic plasticity can provide a theoretical framework for understanding shyness and boldness as a product of natural selection. We sketch this framework and review the few empirical studies of shyness and boldness in natural populations. The study of shyness and boldness adds an interesting new dimension to behavioral ecology by focusing on the nature of continuous behavioral variation that exists within the familiar categories of age, sex and size.  
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  ISSN 0169-5347 ISBN Medium  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5161  
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Author Dong, D.; Jones, G.; Zhang, S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Dynamic evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in vertebrates Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication BMC Evolutionary Biology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) 9 Issue 1 Pages 12  
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  Abstract Sensing bitter tastes is crucial for many animals because it can prevent them from ingesting harmful foods. This process is mainly mediated by the bitter taste receptors (T2R), which are largely expressed in the taste buds. Previous studies have identified some T2R gene repertoires, and marked variation in repertoire size has been noted among species. However, the mechanisms underlying the evolution of vertebrate T2R genes remain poorly understood.  
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  ISSN 1471-2148 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Dong2009 Serial 6637  
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Author Rands, S.A.; Cowlishaw, G.; Pettifor, R.A.; Rowcliffe, J.M.; Johnstone, R.A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The emergence of leaders and followers in foraging pairs when the qualities of individuals differ Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication BMC Evolutionary Biology Abbreviated Journal BMC Evol Biol  
  Volume (down) 8 Issue Pages 51  
  Keywords Animals; *Feeding Behavior; *Food Chain; *Models, Biological; *Social Dominance  
  Abstract BACKGROUND: Foraging in groups offers animals a number of advantages, such as increasing their likelihood of finding food or detecting and avoiding predators. In order for a group to remain together, there has to be some degree of coordination of behaviour and movement between its members (which may in some cases be initiated by a decision-making leader, and in other cases may emerge as an underlying property of the group). For example, behavioural synchronisation is a phenomenon where animals within a group initiate and then continue to conduct identical behaviours, and has been characterised for a wide range of species. We examine how a pair of animals should behave using a state-dependent approach, and ask what conditions are likely to lead to behavioural synchronisation occurring, and whether one of the individuals is more likely to act as a leader. RESULTS: The model we describe considers how the energetic gain, metabolic requirements and predation risks faced by the individuals affect measures of their energetic state and behaviour (such as the degree of behavioural synchronisation seen within the pair, and the value to an individual of knowing the energetic state of its colleague). We explore how predictable changes in these measures are in response to changes in physiological requirements and predation risk. We also consider how these measures should change when the members of the pair are not identical in their metabolic requirements or their susceptibility to predation. We find that many of the changes seen in these measures are complex, especially when asymmetries exist between the members of the pair. CONCLUSION: Analyses are presented that demonstrate that, although these general patterns are robust, care needs to be taken when considering the effects of individual differences, as the relationship between individual differences and the resulting qualitative changes in behaviour may be complex. We discuss how these results are related to experimental observations, and how the model and its predictions could be extended.  
  Address Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. sean.rands@bristol.ac.uk  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  ISSN 1471-2148 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:18282297 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5126  
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Author Chance, M.R.A.; Mead, A.P openurl 
  Title Social behaviour and primate evolution. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, Type Journal Article
  Year 1953 Publication Evolution Abbreviated Journal Evolution  
  Volume (down) 7 Issue Pages 395-439  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4786  
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Author Potts, R. doi  openurl
  Title Variability selection in hominid evolution Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews Abbreviated Journal Evol. Anthropol.  
  Volume (down) 7 Issue 3 Pages 81-96  
  Keywords variability selection; hominids; environment; adaptation; natural selection; evolution  
  Abstract Variability selection (abbreviated as VS) is a process considered to link adaptive change to large degrees of environment variability. Its application to hominid evolution is based, in part, on the pronounced rise in environmental remodeling that took place over the past several million years. The VS hypothesis differs from prior views of hominid evolution, which stress the consistent selective effects associated with specific habitats or directional trends (e.g., woodland, savanna expansion, cooling). According to the VS hypothesis, wide fluctuations over time created a growing disparity in adaptive conditions. Inconsistency in selection eventually caused habitat-specific adaptations to be replaced by structures and behaviors responsive to complex environmental change. Key hominid adaptations, in fact, emerged during times of heightened variability. Early bipedality, encephalized brains, and complex human sociality appear to signify a sequence of VS adaptations—i.e., a ratcheting up of versatility and responsiveness to novel environments experienced over the past 6 million years. The adaptive results of VS cannot be extrapolated from selection within a single environmental shift or relatively stable habitat. If some complex traits indeed require disparities in adaptive setting (and relative fitness) in order to evolve, the VS idea counters the prevailing view that adaptive change necessitates long-term, directional consistency in selection. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  
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  Publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 1520-6505 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5461  
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Author Rubenstein, D. I.; Hack, M. A. doi  openurl
  Title Horse signals: The sounds and scents of fury Type Journal Article
  Year 1992 Publication Evolutionary Ecology Abbreviated Journal Evol. Ecol.  
  Volume (down) 6 Issue 3 Pages 254-260  
  Keywords ommunication – combat – fighting ability – individual identity – signals – information – assessment – displays  
  Abstract During contests animals typically exchange information about fighting ability. Among feral horses these signals involve olfactory or acoustical elements and each type can effectively terminate contests before physical contact becomes necessary. Dung transplant experiments show that for stallions, irrespective of rank, olfactory signals such as dung sniffing encode information about familiarity suggesting that such signals can be used as signatures. As such they can provide indirect information about fighting ability as long as opponents associate identity with past performance. Play-back experiments, however, show that vocalizations, such as squeals, directly provide information about status regardless of stallion familiarity. Sonographs reveal that squeals of dominants are longer than those of subordinates and that only those of dominants have at their onset high-frequency components.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 506  
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Author Podos, J. url  openurl
  Title Early perspectives on the evolution of behavior: Charles Otis Whitman and Oskar Heinroth Type Journal Article
  Year 1964 Publication Ethology Ecology & Evolution (EEE) Abbreviated Journal Ethol Ecol Evol  
  Volume (down) 6 Issue 4 Pages 467-480  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2293  
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Author Dunbar, Robin I. M. doi  openurl
  Title The social brain hypothesis Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews Abbreviated Journal Evol. Anthropol.  
  Volume (down) 6 Issue 5 Pages 178-190  
  Keywords brain size – neocortex – social brain hypothesis – social skills – mind reading – primates  
  Abstract Conventional wisdom over the past 160 years in the cognitive and neurosciences has assumed that brains evolved to process factual information about the world. Most attention has therefore been focused on such features as pattern recognition, color vision, and speech perception. By extension, it was assumed that brains evolved to deal with essentially ecological problem-solving tasks. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  
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  Notes Robin Dunbar is Professor of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioural Ecology at the University of Liverpool, England. His research primarily focuses on the behavioral ecology of ungulates and human and nonhuman primates, and on the cognitive mechanisms and brain components that underpin the decisions that animals make. He runs a large research group, with graduate students working on many different species on four continents. Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4371  
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Author Dugatkin, L.; Alfieri, M. doi  openurl
  Title Tit-For-Tat in guppies (Poecilia reticulata): the relative nature of cooperation and defection during predator inspection Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication Evolutionary Ecology Abbreviated Journal Evol. Ecol.  
  Volume (down) 5 Issue 3 Pages 300-309  
  Keywords Game theory – Tit-For-Tat – predator inspection – guppy  
  Abstract Summary The introduction of game-theoretical thinking into evolutionary biology has laid the groundwork for a heuristic view of animal behaviour in which individuals employ “strategies” – rules that instruct them how to behave in a given circumstance to maximize relative fitness. Axelrod and Hamilton (1981) found that a strategy called Tit-For-Tat (TFT) is one robust cooperative solution to the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game. There exists, however, little empirical evidence that animals employ TFT. Predator inspection in fish provides one ecological context in which to examine the use of the TFT strategy.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2177  
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Author Houston, A.I.; McNamara, J.M. doi  openurl
  Title Fighting for food: a dynamic version of the Hawk-Dove game Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Evolutionary Ecology Abbreviated Journal Evol. Ecol.  
  Volume (down) 2 Issue 1 Pages 51-64  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 750  
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