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	Author	Hemelrijk, C.K.
	Title	Self-Organization and Natural Selection in the Evolution of Complex Despotic Societies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Biol Bull	Abbreviated Journal	Biol Bull
	Volume	202	Issue	3	Pages	283-288
	Keywords
	Abstract	Differences between related species are usually explained as separate adaptations produced by individual selection. I discuss in this paper how related species, which differ in many respects, may evolve by a combination of individual selection, self-organization, and group-selection, requiring an evolutionary adaptation of only a single trait. In line with the supposed evolution of despotic species of macaques, we take as a starting point an ancestral species that is egalitarian and mildly aggressive. We suppose it to live in an environment with abundant food and we put the case that, if food becomes scarce and more clumped, natural selection at the level of the individual will favor individuals with a more intense aggression (implying, for instance, biting and fierce fighting). Using an individual-centered model, called DomWorld, I show what happens when the intensity of aggression increases. In DomWorld, group life is represented by artificial individuals that live in a homogeneous world. Individuals are extremely simple: all they do is flock together and, upon meeting one another, they may perform dominance interactions in which the effects of winning and losing are self-reinforcing. When the intensity of aggression in the model is increased, a complex feedback between the hierarchy and spatial structure results; via self-organization, this feedback causes the egalitarian society to change into a despotic one. The many differences between the two types of artificial society closely correspond to those between despotic and egalitarian macaques in the real world. Given that, in the model, the organization changes as a side effect of the change of one single trait proper to an egalitarian society, in the real world a despotic society may also have arisen as a side effect of the mutation of a single trait of an egalitarian species. If groups with different intensities of aggression evolve in this way, they will also have different gradients of hierarchy. When food is scarce, groups with the steepest hierarchy may have the best chance to survive, because at least a small number of individuals in such a group may succeed in producing offspring, whereas in egalitarian societies every individual is at risk of being insufficiently fed to reproduce. Therefore, intrademic group selection (selection within an interbreeding group) may have contributed to the evolution of despotic societies. N1 -
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5201
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	Author	Parrish, J.K.; Viscido, S.V.; Grunbaum, D.
	Title	Self-Organized Fish Schools: An Examination of Emergent Properties			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Biol Bull	Abbreviated Journal	Biol Bull
	Volume	202	Issue	3	Pages	296-305
	Keywords
	Abstract	Heterogeneous, “aggregated” patterns in the spatial distributions of individuals are almost universal across living organisms, from bacteria to higher vertebrates. Whereas specific features of aggregations are often visually striking to human eyes, a heuristic analysis based on human vision is usually not sufficient to answer fundamental questions about how and why organisms aggregate. What are the individual-level behavioral traits that give rise to these features? When qualitatively similar spatial patterns arise from purely physical mechanisms, are these patterns in organisms biologically significant, or are they simply epiphenomena that are likely characteristics of any set of interacting autonomous individuals? If specific features of spatial aggregations do confer advantages or disadvantages in the fitness of group members, how has evolution operated to shape individual behavior in balancing costs and benefits at the individual and group levels? Mathematical models of social behaviors such as schooling in fishes provide a promising avenue to address some of these questions. However, the literature on schooling models has lacked a common framework to objectively and quantitatively characterize relationships between individual-level behaviors and group-level patterns. In this paper, we briefly survey similarities and differences in behavioral algorithms and aggregation statistics among existing schooling models. We present preliminary results of our efforts to develop a modeling framework that synthesizes much of this previous work, and to identify relationships between behavioral parameters and group-level statistics. N1 -
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5254
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	Author	Seeley, T.D.
	Title	When Is Self-Organization Used in Biological Systems?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Biol Bull	Abbreviated Journal	Biol Bull
	Volume	202	Issue	3	Pages	314-318
	Keywords
	Abstract	Self-organization, or decentralized control, is widespread in biological systems, including cells, organisms, and groups. It is not, however, the universal means of organization. I argue that a biological system will be self-organized when it possesses a large number of subunits, and these subunits lack either the communicational abilities or the computational abilities, or both, that are needed to implement centralized control. Such control requires a well informed and highly intelligent supervisor. I stress that the subunits in a self-organized system do not necessarily have low cognitive abilities. A lack of preadaptations for evolving a system-wide communication network can prevent the evolution of centralized control. Hence, sometimes even systems whose subunits possess high cognitive abilities will be self-organized. N1 -
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5257
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	Author	Berger J,
	Title	Predation, sex ratios, and male competition in equids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	J Zool Lond
	Volume	201	Issue		Pages	205-216
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	Abstract
	Address
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	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	939
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	Author	Goodall J
	Title	Tool-using and aimed throwing in a community of free-living chimpanzees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1964	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	201	Issue		Pages	1264
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3000
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	Author	Dart, A.J.; Snyder, J.R.; Pascoe, J.R.; Meagher, D.M.; Wilson, W.D.
	Title	Prepurchase evaluation of horses: 134 cases (1988-1990)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Vet Med Assoc
	Volume	201	Issue	7	Pages	1061-1067
	Keywords	Animals; Follow-Up Studies; Horse Diseases/diagnosis/radiography; Horses; Interviews; Lameness, Animal/diagnosis/radiography; Physical Examination/*veterinary; Retrospective Studies; Telephone
	Abstract	To quantify some components of prepurchase evaluations in horses, records from 134 evaluations performed during a 2-year period were reviewed and the outcome was determined via telephone follow-up interview. Sixty-two percent of the prepurchase evaluations had been performed at the clinic and 38% had been performed in the field by the ambulatory service. All evaluations included physical and lameness examinations, whereas radiography (49%), endoscopy (15%), nerve blocking (5%), transrectal palpation (3%), hematologic analysis (2%), electrocardiography (2%), drug testing for analgesic agents (2%), and ultrasonography of the flexor tendons (1%) were not always performed. Fifty-nine percent of horses evaluated at the clinic were radiographed, compared with 33% of horses evaluated in the field (P less than 0.05). Thirty-seven percent of horses evaluated were judged serviceable for their intended use. Thirty-five percent of horses evaluated at the clinic were assessed to be serviceable, compared with 41% of those evaluated in the field (P less than 0.05). Horses used for pleasure riding (48%) tended to be considered serviceable more often than horses used for more athletic endeavors (3-day eventing, 33%; hunter/jumper, 24%; show, 31%; dressage, 30%). The most common basis for finding a horse unserviceable was lameness (88%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
	Address	Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis 95616
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1429136			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3753
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	Author	Bennett, A.T.
	Title	Do animals have cognitive maps?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	The Journal of Experimental Biology	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Biol
	Volume	199	Issue	Pt 1	Pages	219-224
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition/physiology; Humans; Space Perception/physiology; Visual Pathways
	Abstract	Drawing on studies of humans, rodents, birds and arthropods, I show that 'cognitive maps' have been used to describe a wide variety of spatial concepts. There are, however, two main definitions. One, sensu Tolman, O'Keefe and Nadel, is that a cognitive map is a powerful memory of landmarks which allows novel short-cutting to occur. The other, sensu Gallistel, is that a cognitive map is any representation of space held by an animal. Other definitions with quite different meanings are also summarised. I argue that no animal has been conclusively shown to have a cognitive map, sensu Tolman, O'Keefe and Nadel, because simpler explanations of the crucial novel short-cutting results are invariably possible. Owing to the repeated inability of experimenters to eliminate these simpler explanations over at least 15 years, and the confusion caused by the numerous contradictory definitions of a cognitive map, I argue that the cognitive map is no longer a useful hypothesis for elucidating the spatial behaviour of animals and that use of the term should be avoided.
	Address	Department of Pure Mathematics, University of Adelaide, Australia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-0949	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8576693			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2756
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	Author	Gallistel, C.R.; Cramer, A.E.
	Title	Computations on metric maps in mammals: getting oriented and choosing a multi-destination route			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	The Journal of Experimental Biology	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Biol
	Volume	199	Issue	Pt 1	Pages	211-217
	Keywords	Animals; Brain/physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops; Cognition/physiology; Humans; Mammals/physiology; Movement; Orientation/physiology; Rats; Space Perception; Visual Pathways/physiology
	Abstract	The capacity to construct a cognitive map is hypothesized to rest on two foundations: (1) dead reckoning (path integration); (2) the perception of the direction and distance of terrain features relative to the animal. A map may be constructed by combining these two sources of positional information, with the result that the positions of all terrain features are represented in the coordinate framework used for dead reckoning. When animals need to become reoriented in a mapped space, results from rats and human toddlers indicate that they focus exclusively on the shape of the perceived environment, ignoring non-geometric features such as surface colors. As a result, in a rectangular space, they are misoriented half the time even when the two ends of the space differ strikingly in their appearance. In searching for a hidden object after becoming reoriented, both kinds of subjects search on the basis of the object's mapped position in the space rather than on the basis of its relationship to a goal sign (e.g. a distinctive container or nearby marker), even though they have demonstrably noted the relationship between the goal and the goal sign. When choosing a multidestination foraging route, vervet monkeys look at least three destinations ahead, even though they are only capable of keeping a maximum of six destinations in mind at once.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-0949	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8576692			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2757
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	Author	Etienne, A.S.; Maurer, R.; Seguinot, V.
	Title	Path integration in mammals and its interaction with visual landmarks			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	The Journal of Experimental Biology	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Biol
	Volume	199	Issue	Pt 1	Pages	201-209
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition/physiology; Cricetinae; Gerbillinae; Humans; Locomotion/physiology; Mammals/physiology; Mesocricetus; Mice; Proprioception/physiology; Rats; Visual Pathways/physiology; Visual Perception/physiology
	Abstract	During locomotion, mammals update their position with respect to a fixed point of reference, such as their point of departure, by processing inertial cues, proprioceptive feedback and stored motor commands generated during locomotion. This so-called path integration system (dead reckoning) allows the animal to return to its home, or to a familiar feeding place, even when external cues are absent or novel. However, without the use of external cues, the path integration process leads to rapid accumulation of errors involving both the direction and distance of the goal. Therefore, even nocturnal species such as hamsters and mice rely more on previously learned visual references than on the path integration system when the two types of information are in conflict. Recent studies investigate the extent to which path integration and familiar visual cues cooperate to optimize the navigational performance.
	Address	Laboratoire d'Ethologie, FPSE, Universite de Geneve, Carouge, Switzerland
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-0949	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8576691			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2758
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	Author	Palme, R.
	Title	Non-invasive measurement of glucocorticoids: Advances and problems			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Physiology & Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Physiol. Behav.
	Volume	199	Issue		Pages	229-243
	Keywords	Glucocorticoids; Non-invasive; Faecal cortisol/corticosterone metabolites; Immunoassays; Physiological/biological validation
	Abstract	Glucocorticoids (GCs; i.e. cortisol/corticosterone) are a central component of the stress response and thus their measurement is frequently used to evaluate the impact of stressful situations. Their metabolites from faeces of various animal species are more and more taken as a non-invasive aid to assess GC release and thus adrenocortical activity. The current literature review includes an extensive collection (1327 papers) and evaluation (see also Supplementary Tables) of the literature on faecal cortisol/corticosterone metabolite (FCM) analysis published to date. It aims at giving reference for researchers interested in implementing FCM analysis into their study or seeking to improve such methods by providing background knowledge on GC metabolism and excretion, conveying insights into methodological issues and stating caveats of FCM analysis and by highlighting prerequisites for and some examples of a successful application of such methods. Collecting faecal samples and analysing FCMs may appear simple and straightforward, but researchers have to select and apply methods correctly. They also need to be aware of the many pitfalls and potentially confounding factors and, last but not least, have to carefully interpret results. Applied properly, measurement of FCMs is a powerful non-invasive tool in a variety of research areas, such as (stress) biology, ethology, ecology, animal conservation and welfare, but also biomedicine.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	ISSN	0031-9384	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Palme2019_attachment.pdf			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6517
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