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Author | Hübener, Eberhard | ||||
Title | Horse-Appropriate Aids And Their Timer | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | www.reiten-lesen-denken.de | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Abstract | Harmony between man and horse, and the rider`s understanding of the function of a horse`s body and mind – these are things that knowledgeable horsemen have demanded for centuries. Constant, focussed attention enables the horse to understand barely visible signals from its herd leader or its rider (!) and to act upon them instantly. Thus it is not necessary to treat a horse as if it were either unwilling or deaf. When the rider sits in perfect balance, his leg tends to fall “self-actively” against the horse`s trunk as it swings away when the horse`s hind leg on the same side moves forwards. This is the only moment in which a horse is able to immediately follow the signal from the rider to move forwards, sideways, or to hold back. Video footage proves what we already knew more than a hundred years ago, but which our sports organisations have somehow managed to forget. Of course we should not let our leg fall against the horse all the time, because then the horse will not register this as a signal. It is explained how to “switch on” and “switch off” the leg signals. For the equestrian standards in this country, it is essential that young riders are familiarized with the “self-active” leg, as soon as they are halfway firm in the saddle. Youngsters learn this easily and never forget it again; it is far more difficult for adults, as the pelvic ring is no longer so flexible. As there is a definite lack of good riding lessons, an instructive video on this subject would be extremely useful. Sponsors are urgently required! For riders who have mastered the balanced seat and can feel how their leg falls against the horse`s trunk as it swings away, riding becomes primarily a matter of self discipline. If we do not examine these matters scientifically, we are in danger of loosing the most important elements of the equestrian art. With this thought in mind, the author uses this essay to argue once again for interdisciplinary research of equitation at universities, and for the support of these projects by high ranking organisations. |
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Call Number | Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @ | Serial | 4320 | ||
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Author | Janis, C. | ||||
Title | An Evolutionary History of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 21-45 | ||
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Abstract | Browsing (i.e., eating woody and non-woody dicotyledonous plants) and grazing (i.e., eating grass) are distinctively different types of feeding behaviour among ungulates today. Ungulates with different diets have different morphologies (both craniodental ones and in aspects of the digestive system) and physiologies, although some of these differences are merely related to body size, as grazers are usually larger than browsers. There is also a difference in the foraging behaviour in terms of the relationship between resource abundance and intake rate, which is linear in browsers but asymptotic in grazers. The spatial distribution of the food resource is also different for the different types of herbage, browse being more patchily distributed than grass, and thus browsers and grazers are likely to have a very different perception of food resources in any given ecosystem (see Gordon 2003, for review). | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4392 | ||
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Author | Stashak, T. S.; Wissdorf, H. | ||||
Title | Adams' Lahmheit bei Pferden | Type | Book Whole | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Keywords | Pferd / Anatomie, Krankheiten, Heilkunde | Innere Krankheit (Tier) | Krankheit / Tierkrankheit | Pathologie (der Tiere) ( Tierkrankheit ) | Pathologie (der Tiere) / Tierkrankheit | Tierkrankheit – Pathologie (der Tiere) | ||||
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Publisher | Schaper M. & H | Place of Publication | Hannover | Editor | |
Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | ISBN | 3794402197 | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4447 | ||
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Author | Peterson, R. O. | ||||
Title | The Wolves of Isle Royale: A Broken Balance | Type | Book Whole | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Abstract | About the Book “Few can rival what Rolf Peterson has accomplished on Isle Royale. His study, a true classic, offers lessons and examples to us all who hope to do the same. This book reveals some of the secrets and details of this one-of-a-kind wolf study.” -Douglas W. Smith, Leader, Yellowstone Wolf Project For nearly half a century Isle Royale National Park has been the site of a comprehensive study on wolves (2008 marks the fiftieth anniversary)-the world's longest-running study on any wild animal. With its lush northern landscape and wolf and moose populations, the pristine and isolated park presents an ideal laboratory for wildlife biologists. The Wolves of Isle Royale is author and wildlife biologist Rolf Peterson's fascinating firsthand account of the relationship that exists between the wolf and the moose on the island. Illustrated with over 100 photographs, this book reveals the true nature of the mysterious and little-understood wolf, and it offers novel solutions to the conservation crisis as the wolf population falters to its lowest recorded level. Rolf O. Peterson is known worldwide for his wolf research. His photographs have been published in National Geographic, Audubon, and National Wildlife. He is Professor of Wildlife Ecology at Michigan Technological University. Cover photo credit: Rolf O. Peterson |
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Publisher | The university of Michigan Press | Place of Publication | Michigan | Editor | |
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ISSN | ISBN | 978-0-472-03261-7 | Medium | ||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4716 | ||
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Author | Reimer, M. | ||||
Title | Investigation of appeasement signals in domestic dogs | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Address | University of Sussex | ||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Sussex | Editor | ||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5305 | ||
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Author | Martin, P.; Bateson P. | ||||
Title | Measuring Behaviour – An Introductory Guide | Type | Book Whole | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Publisher | Cambridge University Press | Place of Publication | Cambridge | Editor | |
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | Third Edition | ||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5402 | ||
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Author | Rehage; C. | ||||
Title | Klinische Symptomatik und Einfluss eines Nasennetzes auf die Leistung von Turnierpferden mit Headshaking | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Dissertation | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Publisher | Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover | Place of Publication | Hannover | Editor | |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5631 | ||
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Author | May, A. | ||||
Title | Evaluierung von Stressparametern beim Pferd im Zusammenhang mit dem Klinikaufenthalt [Evaluation of stress parameters in the hospitalized horse] | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Abstract | Ein Klinikaufenthalt stellt für Pferde eine Stresssituation dar und viele Pferde erkranken während eines Klinikaufenthalts an Stress-assoziierten Erkrankungen. Eine der häufigsten ist die so genannte Colitis X, eine oft tödlich verlaufende Durchfallerkrankung. Da es im Verlauf dieser Erkrankungen zu einem Verlust der Tiere kommen kann, hat ihre Vermeidung oberste Priorität. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, herauszufinden, inwieweit bei den Pferden der klinisch erkennbare Stress mit Veränderungen messbarer Blutparameter (Hämatokrit, Gesamteiweiß, Leukozyten, Glukose, Laktat, Kortisol) einhergeht und dabei einen Parameter zu finden, mit dem Stress beim Klinikpatienten Pferd verlässlich und möglichst einfach evaluiert werden kann. Zudem wurden in dieser Studie Freie Sauerstoffradikale („oxidativer Stress“) und IgA im Kot bestimmt, um diese Parameter auf ihre klinische Verwendbarkeit zu prüfen und zu untersuchen, inwieweit Stress mit dem lokalen Immunglobulingehalt interferiert. Einigen ausgewählten Pferden wurde zudem der Paramunitätsinducer Zylexis® der Firma Pfizer appliziert, um dessen Wirkung auf die untersuchten Parameter festzustellen. Es wurden 110 Patienten der Klinik für Pferde untersucht, die in dem Zeitraum der Studie zufällig hospitalisiert wurden. Die Pferde wurden in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt. Eine Gruppe wurde in der Klinik operiert, die zweite nur stationär behandelt. Des Weiteren wurde eine Kontrollgruppe in ihrem Heimatstall zum Vergleich miteinbezogen, die in den letzten sechs Wochen vor der Studie nicht transportiert oder anderweitig belastet worden war. Den Pferden wurde in definierten Abständen Blut und Kot entnommen, um den Einfluss von Transport, Operation und Klinikstress möglichst gut zu erfassen. Die Zeitpunkte waren direkt nach der Einlieferung, am Morgen vor der Narkose, nach der Aufstehphase und sowohl einen als auch vier Tage nach der Narkose. Pferden, die nicht operiert wurden und der Kontrollgruppe wurden insgesamt dreimal Blut und Kot (Tag 1, 3, Tag vor der Entlassung) entnommen. Für die Zylexis®-Studie wurden Vitrektomie-Patienten ausgewählt, da diese ein gutes Beispiel für eine kurze, wenig traumatische Operation darstellen. Diese Pferde wurden mit den anderen Pferden, die leichten Operationen unterzogen wurden, verglichen. Bereits nach dem unterschiedlich langen Transport zeigten die Pferde signifikante Anstiege von Gesamtleukozytenzahl, dem Verhältnis neutrophiler Granulozyten zu Lymphozyten (N:L-Verhältnis), Glukose und den klinischen Parametern (Herzfrequenz, Atemfrequenz, Körpertemperatur). Die IgA-Konzentration im Kot sank bei den eingelieferten Pferden nach Einlieferung erst ab, um sich dann vermutlich durch den Kontakt mit den fremden Antigenen in der Klinik reflektorisch zu erhöhen. Auffällig war, dass die Kortisolkonzentration nach dem Transport bei den als „nervös, sensibel“ eingestuften Pferden signifikant höher lag als bei den „ruhigen, ausgeglichenen“ Pferden. Weitere deutliche Veränderungen zeigten sich nach den Operationen. Glukose, Kortisol und das N:L-Verhältnis wiesen nach den unterschiedlich langen Eingriffen höhere Konzentrationen auf. Die Laktatkonzentration stieg signifikant bereits nach der Operation und anschließend noch weiter nach der Aufstehphase. Dies ist primär auf die Muskelbelastung zurückzuführen, da Laktat vor allem muskulären Ursprungs ist. Hämatokrit und Gesamteiweiß sanken nach der Narkose aufgrund der intraoperativ verabreichten Infusionen ab. Einem starken hoch signifikanten Konzentrationsabfall unterlag auch der IgA-Gehalt im Kot. Dabei war kein Unterschied zwischen den verschiedenen Operationstraumata festzustellen. Ansonsten unterlagen die Pferde, die mit hochgradig gestörtem Allgemeinbefinden zu einer Notoperation eingeliefert wurden, viel deutlicheren Veränderungen als die anderen Pferde. Die Freien Radikale zeigten überhaupt keinen charakteristischen Verlauf. Sie schienen allerdings bei den chronisch erkrankten Pferden erhöht zu sein. Des Weiteren zeigten sie Erhöhungen bei bestimmten Erkrankungen („Equine Motor Neuron Disease“, Hufrehe). Bei den Pferden, die Zylexis® verabreicht bekamen, konnte eine Tendenz zur Verbesserung des Immunstatus nachgewiesen werden. Es fiel ein deutlich höherer Gesamteiweißgehalt auf, der wahrscheinlich auf eine vermehrte Produktion von Immunglobulinen zurückzuführen ist. Außerdem war die Kortisolkonzentration nach der Operation signifikant niedriger. Der IgAGehalt zeigte einen weniger deutlichen Konzentrationsabfall, was aber statistisch nicht belegt werden konnte. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass das N:L-Verhältnis und Glukose geeignete Parameter darstellen um zuverlässig den Stress, dem ein Pferd ausgesetzt ist, zu evaluieren. Kortisol ist vorsichtig zu interpretieren, da es großen individuellen Schwankungen ausgesetzt ist. Die Bestimmung von IgA im Kot gibt Aufschluss über den lokalen Immunstatus des Intestinaltrakts. Da es bei allen Pferden postoperativ zu signifikanten Konzentrationsabfällen kam, sind Pferde nach jeder Operation offensichtlich prädisponiert, eine Darmerkrankung, wie beispielsweise Colitis X, zu entwickeln. Kortisol scheint auch Einfluss auf das lokale Immunsystem zu nehmen, da hohe Kortisolwerte mit einem niedrigen IgA-Gehalt im Kot korrelierten. Um die Zusammenhänge der Blutparameter und der Colitis X näher zu erforschen und insbesondere um die „kritischen“ IgA-Konzentrationen zu ermitteln, wären noch weiterführende Untersuchungen aufschlußreich. [Many horses in clinics display symptoms of stress-associated diseases. One of the most feared is the so-called Colitis X, an often fatal ending diarrhea. As death occurs quite often in the course of those diseases, their avoidance has first priority. The aim of the following study was to find out whether signs of stress which are displayed by the horses correlate with measurable blood parameters. Furthermore we tried to find a parameter which was suitable to evaluate stress in hospitalized horses. Apart from the commonly measured parameters (hematocrit, total protein, leucocytes, glucose, lactate, corticosterone) we tried to include free oxygen radicals in this study. Immunoglobulin A in faeces was investigated to find out how stress interfered with the local immune system. A Paramunityinducer often used in Germany (Zylexis®) was administered to 10 selected horses to research its effect on the different parameters. 110 patients hospitalized in the horse clinic were examined. First the horses were organized into two groups. One group underwent surgery and the other one received stationary treatment. Furthermore a control group was taken into account which had not been transported or subjected to stress in six weeks prior to the study. The horses were drawn blood and collected faeces in defined intervals to register the influence of transport, operation and clinic stress. Blood samples were taken directly after the transport, prior to the operation, right after surgery and one day and four days after the operation. Horses which did not undergo surgery including the control group were drawn blood and faeces three times (day 1, 3, and the day prior to discharge from the clinic). For the paramunity investigation patients for vitrectomy were chosen as they display a good example for short little traumatic operations. Those were compared with other horses brought into the clinic for short operations. After the transport to the clinic horses showed significant increases in leukocyte concentration, N:L-ratio, glucose and the clinical parameters (heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature). The immunoglobulin concentration decreased after the transport to rapidly rise after contact with antigens from the clinic environment. Horses categorized as “nervous, sensitive” displayed significantly higher corticosterone concentrations after the transport than horses categorized as “cool, calm”. Other distinct variations showed after the operations. The lactate concentrations increased significantly after anaesthesia and went up even further after the horse got up afterwards. This is due to muscular fatigue as lactate is mainly produced in the muscles. Glucose, corticosterone and the N:L-ratio also displayed higher concentrations after the operation. Hematocrit and total protein concentrations decreased after anaesthesia ascribed to infusions during operation. After anaesthesia a highly significant reduction of immunoglobulin concentrations in the faeces was determined. No influence of the different operation traumas could be recognized. That was surprising as in all other cases horses in very bad general condition displayed distinct changes. The free oxygen radicals did not show any characteristic pattern. There appeared to be a higher concentration in horses with chronic illnesses. Furthermore some diseases, like Equine Motor Neuron Disease and laminitis, seemed to have an increasing impact on the oxygen radicals. Zylexis® showed a tendency to improve the immune status of the horses in this study. The paramunized horses had more total serum protein than the others. This could be due to an increased production of Immunoglobulins. Additionally the corticosterone concentration after the operation stayed on a significantly lower level. The local immunoglobulin A concentrations did not appear to decrease as much as in the non-paramunized horses but it was not possible to statistically prove this statement. The results of this study show that the N:L-ratio and glucose might be suitable parameters to reliably evaluate the stress that has an effect on the hospitalized horse. Corticosterone values have to be interpreted carefully as they are very prone to individual variations. Measuring immunoglobulins in faeces provides information about the local intestinal immune status. Since all horses showed significant lower immunoglobulin concentrations after the anesthesia/operation they obviously lack immune protection and are therefore predisposed for developing enteritis, as Colitis X. In this study corticosterone seemed to influence the local immune system as high concentrations of corticosterone correlated with low immunoglobulin levels. To understand the circumstances more thoroughly and to find out which factors have to be present additionally in order for the horses to fall ill with Colitis X, further investigations have to be made.] |
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Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
Publisher | LMU München | Place of Publication | München | Editor | |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5902 | ||
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Author | Wotschikowsky, U. | ||||
Title | Wölfe und Jäger in der Oberlausitz | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Broschüre, Freundeskreis freilebender Wölfe | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6691 | ||
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Author | Hübener, Eberhard | ||||
Title | Pferdgerechte Hilfen und der Zeitgeber dafür | Type | Journal | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Piaffe | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 1/2007 | Issue | Pages | ||
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Abstract | Harmonie zwischen Mensch und Pferd und Verständnis des Reiters für körperliche Beschaffenheit und Verhaltensweise des Pferdes fordern wahre Hippologen seit Jahrhunderten. Dauernde intensive Aufmerksamkeit ermöglicht dem Pferd, kaum sichtbare Signale des Leittiers oder des Reiters (!) wahrzunehmen und blitzschnell zu befolgen. Wir müssen mit dem Pferd also nicht umgehen, als sei es unwillig oder taub. Wenn der Reiter in perfekter Balance sitzt, möchte sein Schenkel während des Vorsetzens des gleichseitigen Pferde-Hinterbeins “selbsttätig” an den wegschwingenden Pferderumpf fallen. Dies ist der einzige Moment, in dem das Pferd eine vorwärtstreibende, seitwärtstreibende oder verhaltende Einwirkung des Reiters unmittelbar befolgen kann. Video-Aufnahmen bestätigen, was wir bereits vor über hundert Jahren wußten, was dann in unserer “Sportorganisation” aber irgendwie in Vergessenheit geriet. Natürlich dürfen wir den Schenkel nicht ständig ans Pferd fallen lassen, weil das Pferd das dann nicht mehr als Signal wertet. Wie die Schenkeleinwirkung 'an-' und 'abstellbar' ist, wird erläutert. Für das reiterliche Niveau hierzulande ist von entscheidender Bedeutung, daß junge Reiter an der Basis mit dem “selbsttätigen Schenkel” vertraut gemacht werden, sobald sie halbwegs sattelfest geworden sind. Jugendliche erlernen ihn spielend und verlieren ihn nie mehr, Erwachsene haben es da mangels ausreichender Beweglichkeit ihres Beckenringes wesentlich schwerer. Angesichts des höchst unzureichenden Angebotes guten Reitunterrichts könnte ein Lehr-Video zu diesem Thema überaus nützlich sein. Sponsoren dafür werden hier gesucht! Für Reiter, die den Balancesitz beherrschen und somit fühlen, wie ihre Schenkel an den wegschwingenden Pferderumpf fallen, ist Reiten fortan im Wesentlichen Selbstdisziplin. Daß wir wichtigste Elemente der Reitkunst verlieren können, wenn wir uns nicht mehr wissenschaftlich mit ihrem Inhalt auseinandersetzen, ist für den Autor Anlaß, sich in diesem Aufsatz erneut für interdisziplinäre universitäre Forschung zur Reitlehre und für die Unterstützung solcher Projekte durch die Spitzenorganisation einzusetzen. |
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Publisher | Wu Wei Verlag | Place of Publication | D-86938 Schondorf | Editor | |
Language | Deutsch | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Call Number | Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @ | Serial | 4319 | ||
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