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Author Visser, E.K.; van Reenen, C.G.; van der Werf, J.T.N.; Schilder, M.B.H.; Knaap, J.H.; Barneveld, A.; Blokhuis, H.J.
Title Heart rate and heart rate variability during a novel object test and a handling test in young horses Type Journal Article
Year 2002 Publication Physiology & Behavior Abbreviated Journal Physiol. Behav.
Volume (down) 76 Issue 2 Pages 289-296
Keywords Heart rate; Heart rate variability; Consistency; Behavioral tests; Temperament; Emotionality; Horses
Abstract Forty-one Dutch Warmblood immature horses were used in a study to quantify temperamental traits on the basis of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) measures. Half of the horses received additional training from the age of 5 months onwards; the other half did not. Horses were tested at 9, 10, 21 and 22 months of age in a novel object and a handling test. During the tests, mean HR and two heart variability indices, e.g. standard deviation of beat-to-beat intervals (SDRR) and root mean square of successive beat-to-beat differences (rMSSD), were calculated and expressed as response values to baseline measures. In both tests, horses showed at all ages a significant increase in mean HR and decrease in HRV measures, which suggests a marked shift of the balance of the autonomic nervous system towards a sympathetic dominance. In the novel object test, this shift was more pronounced in horses that had not been trained. Furthermore, statistical analysis showed that the increase in mean HR could not be entirely explained by the physical activity. The additional increase in HR, the nonmotor HR, was more pronounced in the untrained horses compared to the trained. Hence, it is suggested that this nonmotor HR might be due to the level of emotionality. HR variables showed consistency between years, as well as within the second year. These tests bring about a HR response in horses, part of which may indicate a higher level of emotionality; and horses show individual consistency of these HR variables over ages. Therefore, it is concluded that mean HR and HRV measures used with these tests quantify certain aspects of a horse's temperament.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 320
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Author Miyashita, Y.; Nakajima, S.; Imada, H.
Title Differential outcome effect in the horse. Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Abbreviated Journal J Exp Anal Behav
Volume (down) 74 Issue 2 Pages 245-253.
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Abstract hree horses were trained with a discrimination task in which the color (blue or yellow) of a center panel signaled the correct (left or right) response (lever press). Reinforcing outcomes for the two correct color-position combinations (blue-left and yellow-right) were varied across phases. Discrimination performance was better when the combinations were differentially reinforced by two types of food (chopped carrot pieces and a solid food pellet) than when the combinations were randomly reinforced by these outcomes or when there was a common reinforcer for each of the correct combinations. However, the discrimination performance established by the differential outcome procedure was still 80% to 90% correct, and an analysis of two-trial sequences revealed that the stimulus color of the preceding trial interfered with discrimination performance on a given trial. Our demonstration of the differential outcome effect in the horse and its further analysis might contribute to more efficient control of equine behavior in the laboratory as well as in horse sports.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3579
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Author Griffiths, D.P.; Clayton, N.S.
Title Testing episodic memory in animals: A new approach Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Physiology & Behavior Abbreviated Journal Physiol. Behav.
Volume (down) 73 Issue 5 Pages 755-762
Keywords Episodic memory; Food-caching; Animal models
Abstract Episodic memory involves the encoding and storage of memories concerned with unique personal experiences and their subsequent recall, and it has long been the subject of intensive investigation in humans. According to Tulving's classical definition, episodic memory “receives and stores information about temporally dated episodes or events and temporal-spatial relations among these events.” Thus, episodic memory provides information about the `what' and `when' of events (`temporally dated experiences') and about `where' they happened (`temporal-spatial relations'). The storage and subsequent recall of this episodic information was thought to be beyond the memory capabilities of nonhuman animals. Although there are many laboratory procedures for investigating memory for discrete past episodes, until recently there were no previous studies that fully satisfied the criteria of Tulving's definition: they can all be explained in much simpler terms than episodic memory. However, current studies of memory for cache sites in food-storing jays provide an ethologically valid model for testing episodic-like memory in animals, thereby bridging the gap between human and animal studies memory. There is now a pressing need to adapt these experimental tests of episodic memory for other animals. Given the potential power of transgenic and knock-out procedures for investigating the genetic and molecular bases of learning and memory in laboratory rodents, not to mention the wealth of knowledge about the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the rodent hippocampus (a brain area heavily implicated in episodic memory), an obvious next step is to develop a rodent model of episodic-like memory based on the food-storing bird paradigm. The development of a rodent model system could make an important contribution to our understanding of the neural, molecular, and behavioral mechanisms of mammalian episodic memory.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 401
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Author Nyman, S.; Dahlborn, K.
Title Effect of water supply method and flow rate on drinking behavior and fluid balance in horses Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Physiology & Behavior Abbreviated Journal Physiol. Behav.
Volume (down) 73 Issue 1-2 Pages 1-8
Keywords Animals; Choice Behavior/physiology; Drinking Behavior/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Thirst/physiology; *Water Supply; Water-Electrolyte Balance/*physiology
Abstract This study investigated three methods of water supply on drinking preference and behavior in six Standardbred geldings (2-9 years, 505+/-9 kg). The water sources were buckets (B), pressure valve (PV), and float valve (FV) bowls. In an initial drinking preference test, PV was tested at three flow rates: 3, 8, and 16 l/min (PV3, PV8, and PV16), and FV at 3 l/min (FV3). Water intake was measured in l and presented as the percentage of the total daily water intake from each of two simultaneously presented alternatives. The intake from PV8 was greater than from both PV3 (72+/-11% vs. 28+/-11%) and PV16 (90+/-4% vs. 10+/-4%). All horses showed a strong preference for B, 98+/-1% of the intake compared to 2+/-1% from PV8. Individual variation in the data gave no significant difference in preference between the two automatic bowls. In the second part of the study, drinking behavior and fluid balance were investigated when the horses drank from FV3, PV8, and B for 7 consecutive days in a changeover design. Despite a tendency for an increase in total daily drinking time from FV3, the daily water intake was significantly lower (43+/-3 ml/kg) than from PV8 (54+/-2 ml/kg) and B (58+/-3 ml/kg). Daily net water gain [intake-(fecal+urinary output)] was only 0.5+/-3 ml/kg with FV3, resulting in a negative fluid balance if insensible losses are included. These results show that the water supply method can affect both drinking behavior and fluid balance in the horse.
Address Department of Animal Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7045, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. sara.nyman@djfys.slu.se
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ISSN 0031-9384 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:11399288 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1919
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Author Zentall, T.R.
Title Support for a theory of memory for event duration must distinguish between test-trial ambiguity and actual memory loss Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Abbreviated Journal J Exp Anal Behav
Volume (down) 72 Issue 3 Pages 467-472
Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Memory/*physiology; *Psychological Theory; Time Factors; Time Perception/physiology
Abstract Staddon and Higa's (1999) trace-strength theory of timing and memory for event duration can account for pigeons' bias to “choose short” when retention intervals are introduced and to “choose long” when, following training with a fixed retention interval, retention intervals are shortened. However, it does not account for the failure of pigeons to choose short when the intertrial interval is distinct from the retention interval. That finding suggests that stimulus generalization (or ambiguity) between the intertrial interval and the retention interval may result in an effect that has been attributed to memory loss. Such artifacts must be eliminated before a theory of memory for event duration can be adequately tested.
Address Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu
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ISSN 0022-5002 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:10605105 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 251
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Author Farmer-Dougan, V.; Dougan, J.
Title The Man Who Listens To Behavior: Folk Wisdom And Behavior Analysis From A Real Horse Whisperer Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication JOURNAL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR Abbreviated Journal J Exp Anal Behav
Volume (down) 72 Issue 1 Pages 139-149
Keywords positive reinforcement, aversive control, learned helplessness, language, biological constraints,
Abstract The popular novel and movie The Horse Whisperer are based on the work of several real-life horse

whisperers, the most famous of whom is Monty Roberts. Over the last 50 years, Roberts has developed

a technique for training horses that is both more effective and less aversive than traditional training

techniques. An analysis of Roberts` methods (as described in his book, The Man Who Listens to Horses)

indicates a deep understanding of behavioral principles including positive reinforcement, timeout,

species-specific defense reactions, learned helplessness, and the behavioral analysis of language.

Roberts developed his theory and techniques on the basis of personal experience and folk wisdom,

and not as the result of formal training in behavior analysis. Behavior analysts can clearly learn from

such insightful yet behaviorally incorrect practitioners, just as such practitioners can benefit from

the objective science of behavior analysts.
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Notes PMID:16812908 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1829
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Author Ratcliffe, J.M.; Fenton, M.B.; Shettleworth, S.J.
Title Behavioral flexibility positively correlated with relative brain volume in predatory bats Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication Brain, behavior and evolution Abbreviated Journal Brain Behav Evol
Volume (down) 67 Issue 3 Pages 165-176
Keywords Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Brain/*anatomy & histology/physiology; Chiroptera/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; Organ Size; Predatory Behavior/*physiology
Abstract We investigated the potential relationships between foraging strategies and relative brain and brain region volumes in predatory (animal-eating) echolocating bats. The species we considered represent the ancestral state for the order and approximately 70% of living bat species. The two dominant foraging strategies used by echolocating predatory bats are substrate-gleaning (taking prey from surfaces) and aerial hawking (taking airborne prey). We used species-specific behavioral, morphological, and ecological data to classify each of 59 predatory species as one of the following: (1) ground gleaning, (2) behaviorally flexible (i.e., known to both glean and hawk prey), (3) clutter tolerant aerial hawking, or (4) open-space aerial hawking. In analyses using both species level data and phylogenetically independent contrasts, relative brain size was larger in behaviorally flexible species. Further, relative neocortex volume was significantly reduced in bats that aerially hawk prey primarily in open spaces. Conversely, our foraging behavior index did not account for variability in hippocampus and inferior colliculus volume and we discuss these results in the context of past research.
Address Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. jmr247@cornell.edu
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ISSN 0006-8977 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:16415571 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 358
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Author Choleris, E.; Kavaliers, M.
Title Social Learning in Animals: Sex Differences and Neurobiological Analysis Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior Abbreviated Journal Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.
Volume (down) 64 Issue 4 Pages 767-776
Keywords Observational learning; Social learning; Individual learning; Imitation; Social constraints; Social facilitation; male-female differences; Gender differences
Abstract Social learning where an “individual's behavior is influenced by observation of, or interaction with, another animal or its products” has been extensively documented in a broad variety of species, including humans. Social learning occurs within the complex framework of an animal's social interactions that are markedly affected by factors such as dominance hierarchies, family bonds, age, and sex of the interacting individuals. Moreover, it is clear that social learning is influenced not only by important sexually dimorphic social constraints but also that it involves attention, motivational, and perceptual mechanisms, all of which exhibit substantial male-female differences. Although sex differences have been demonstrated in a wide range of cognitive and behavioral processes, investigations of male-female differences in social learning and its neurobiological substrates have been largely neglected. As such, sex differences in social learning and its neurobiological substrates merit increased attention. This review briefly considers various aspects of the study of social learning in mammals, and indicates where male-female differences have either been described, neglected and, or could have a potential impact. It also describes the results of neurobiological investigations of social learning and considers the relevance of these findings to other sexually dimorphic cognitive processes.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 575
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Author Penn, D.; Potts, W.K.
Title Untrained mice discriminate MHC-determined odors Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Physiology & Behavior Abbreviated Journal Physiol. Behav.
Volume (down) 64 Issue 3 Pages 235-243
Keywords Major histocompatibility complex; Pheromones; Olfaction; Kin recognition; Sexual selection
Abstract PENN, D. AND W. K. POTTS. Untrained mice distinguish MHC-determined odors. PHYSIOL BEHAV 64(3) 235-243, 1998.--Immune recognition occurs when foreign antigens are presented to T-lymphocytes by molecules encoded by the highly polymorphic genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). House mice (Mus musculus) prefer to mate with individuals that have dissimilar MHC genes. Numerous studies indicate that mice recognize MHC identity through chemosensory cues; however, it is unclear whether odor is determined by classical, antigen-presenting MHC loci or closely linked genes. Previous studies have relied on training laboratory mice and rats to distinguish MHC-associated odors, but there are several reasons why training experiments may be inappropriate assays for testing if MHC genes affect odor. The aim of this study was to determine whether classical MHC genes affect individual odors and whether wild-derived mice can detect MHC-associated odors without training. In the first experiment, we found that wild-derived mice can be trained in a Y-maze to detect the odors of mice that differ genetically only in the MHC region. In the second and third experiments, we used a naturalistic habituation assay and found that wild-derived mice can, without training, distinguish the odors of mice that differ genetically only at one classical MHC locus (dm2 mutants).
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4418
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Author Zentall, T.R.; Roper, K.L.; Sherburne, L.M.
Title Most directed forgetting in pigeons can be attributed to the absence of reinforcement on forget trials during training or to other procedural artifacts Type Journal Article
Year 1995 Publication Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Abbreviated Journal J Exp Anal Behav
Volume (down) 63 Issue 2 Pages 127-137
Keywords Animals; *Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Cues; *Discrimination Learning; *Mental Recall; Motivation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Reinforcement Schedule; Retention (Psychology)
Abstract In research on directed forgetting in pigeons using delayed matching procedures, remember cues, presented in the delay interval between sample and comparisons, have been followed by comparisons (i.e., a memory test), whereas forget cues have been followed by one of a number of different sample-independent events. The source of directed forgetting in delayed matching to sample in pigeons was examined in a 2 x 2 design by independently manipulating whether or not forget-cue trials in training ended with reinforcement and whether or not forget-cue trials in training included a simultaneous discrimination (involving stimuli other than those used in the matching task). Results were consistent with the hypothesis that reinforced responding following forget cues is sufficient to eliminate performance deficits on forget-cue probe trials. Only when reinforcement was omitted on forget-cue trials in training (whether a discrimination was required or not) was there a decrement in accuracy on forget-cue probe trials. When reinforcement is present, however, the pattern of responding established during and following a forget cue in training may also play a role in the directed forgetting effect. These findings support the view that much of the evidence for directed forgetting using matching procedures may result from motivational and behavioral artifacts rather than the loss of memory.
Address Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506
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ISSN 0022-5002 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:7714447 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 256
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