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	Author	Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.; Carnevale, J.
	Title	Feeding and drinking behavior of mares and foals with free access to pasture and water			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Journal of animal science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	60	Issue	4	Pages	883-889
	Keywords	Animals; Drinking Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Poaceae; Seasons; Temperature; Time Factors
	Abstract	The feeding and drinking behavior of 11 mares and 15 foals living on pasture with free access to water was recorded during 2,340 15-min focal samples taken over 2 yr. Lactating mares on pasture spent about 70% of the day feeding. Foals began feeding on their first day of life. As they grew older, they spent progressively more time feeding, but still spent only 47 +/- 6% of the time feeding by 21 wk of age. Foals fed primarily during the early morning and evening. While grass formed the major proportion of the diet of both foals and mares, they also ate clay, humus, feces, bark, leaves and twigs. Almost all feeding by foals was done while their mothers were feeding. Movement to water sources was frequently, but not invariably, carried out by an entire herd. Frequency (P = .005) but not duration (P greater than .05) of drinking bouts by mares increased as the temperature increased. Frequency was greatest at 30 to 35 C, at which temperature mares drank once every 1.8 h. Frequency of drinking varied with the time of day (P less than .01), being rarest during the early morning (0500 to 0900 h eastern daylight time) and most frequent during the afternoon (1300 to 1700 h). Drinking by foals was very rare. The youngest age at which a foal was observed to drink was 3 wk, and 8 of 15 foals were never observed to drink before weaning.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3988655			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	54
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	Author	Alexander, F.
	Title	The effect of diuretics on the faecal excretion of water and electrolytes in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	British journal of pharmacology	Abbreviated Journal	Br J Pharmacol
	Volume	60	Issue	4	Pages	589-593
	Keywords	Animals; Body Water/metabolism; Chlorides/metabolism; Electrolytes/metabolism; Feces/analysis; Furosemide/pharmacology; Horses; Hydrochlorothiazide/*pharmacology; Male; Potassium/metabolism; Sodium/metabolism; Time Factors
	Abstract	1. The effect on plasma, urinary and faecal electrolytes of frusemide and hydrochlorthiazide was measured in ponies, mean weight 180 kg. 2. The rapid loss in urine of large quantities of sodium had only a small effect on plasma sodium concentration. 3. Faecal sodium excretion was increased substantially after the administration of frusemide. 4. Frusemide increased faecal potassium during the 48 h following administration and faecal water in the 24/48 h period. It also produced a hypopotassaemia. 5. Hydrochlorthiazide increased faecal chloride during the 24 h after administration. 6. Frusemide increased the intestinal transit time of both liquid (polyethylene glycol) and particulate (Cr2O3) markers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0007-1188	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:907872			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	111
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	Author	Khalil, A.M.; Murakami, N.; Kaseda, Y.
	Title	Relationship between plasma testosterone concentrations and age, breeding season and harem size in Misaki feral horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science	Abbreviated Journal	J Vet Med Sci
	Volume	60	Issue	5	Pages	643-645
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Wild; Horses; Japan; Male; Reproduction; Seasons; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Sexual Maturation; Social Behavior; Testosterone/*blood
	Abstract	Jugular vein blood samples were collected from 23 young and sexual mature feral stallions to examine the relationship between plasma testosterone concentration and age, breeding season or harem size. Testosterone concentration increased with the age of the stallions until they formed their own harems, at about 4 to 6 years old. Seasonal variations in testosterone concentrations were observed, and found to be significantly higher (P<0.001) throughout the breeding season than non-breeding season, from 3 years of age. Testosterone levels were correlated with harem size for individual stallions. It can be inferred from these results that there is a relationship between plasma testosterone concentration and age, breeding season and harem size.
	Address	Laboratory of Animal Behavioral Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0916-7250	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9637303			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	137
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	Author	Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Turner, A.
	Title	Reversibility of action and safety during pregnancy of immunization against porcine zona pellucida in wild mares (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Reprod Suppl
	Volume	60	Issue		Pages	197-202
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Antigens/administration & dosage; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/veterinary; Egg Proteins/administration & dosage; Female; Fertility; Horses; Immunization, Secondary/veterinary; Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage; Population Control; Pregnancy; Receptors, Cell Surface; Safety; Swine; Time Factors; Vaccines, Contraceptive/*administration & dosage
	Abstract	Contraceptive management of publicly valued wildlife species requires safeguards to ensure that these populations are preserved in a healthy state. In addition, reversibility of contraceptive effects and safety in pregnant animals are major concerns. A population of wild horses has been immunized against porcine zona pellucida (PZP) over a 12 year period on Assateague Island National Seashore, MD (ASIS). Mares initially received one or two 65 microg inoculations and once a year 65 microg booster inoculations, all delivered by dart. All young mares aged > 2 years were treated with PZP for 3 consecutive years regardless of whether they have bred successfully and they were then removed from treatment until they had foaled. All mares vaccinated for 1 or 2 consecutive years became fertile again and 69% of mares treated for 3 consecutive years returned to fertility. All five mares treated for 4 or 5 consecutive years have also returned to fertility, but over longer periods of time. Mares treated for 7 consecutive years have not returned to fertility, but several, while still infertile, have started ovulating again. There was no difference in survival rates between foals born to treated and untreated mares, and PZP treatment of pregnant mares did not affect subsequent fertility of their female offspring.
	Address	Science and Conservation Center, ZooMontana, Billings 59106, USA. zoolab@wtp.net
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1477-0415	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12220160			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	141
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	Author	Turner, A.; Kirkpatrick, J.F.
	Title	Effects of immunocontraception on population, longevity and body condition in wild mares (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Reprod Suppl
	Volume	60	Issue		Pages	187-195
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Antigens/administration & dosage; Body Constitution; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/veterinary; Egg Proteins/administration & dosage; Female; Horses; Longevity; Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage; Population Control; Population Dynamics; Receptors, Cell Surface; Swine; Vaccines, Contraceptive/administration & dosage
	Abstract	Contraception is becoming a common approach for the management of captive and wild ungulates yet there are few data for contraceptive effects on entire populations. Management-level treatment of mares with porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine resulted in zero population growth of the Assateague Island wild horse population within 1 year of initiation of treatment. Contraceptive efficacy was 90% for mares treated twice in the first year and annually thereafter. For mares given a single initial inoculation, contraceptive efficacy was 78%. The effort required to achieve zero population growth decreased, as 95, 83 and 84% of all adult mares were treated in each of the first 3 years, compared with 59 and 52% during the last 2 years. Mortality rates for mares and foals after the initiation of management-level treatments decreased below historic and pretreatment mortality rates of approximately 5%. Two new age classes have appeared among treated animals (21-25 years and > 25 years), indicating an increase in longevity among treated animals. Body condition scores for all horses, all adult mares and non-lactating mares increased significantly between summer 1989 and autumn 1999 but did not change significantly in lactating mares. These results provide reliable data for the construction of realistic models for contraceptive management of free-roaming or captive ungulate populations.
	Address	Assateague Island National Seashore, Berlin, MD 21811, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1477-0415	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12220158			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	142
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	Author	McDonnell, S.M.; Freeman, D.A.; Cymbaluk, N.F.; Schott, H.C. 2nd; Hinchcliff, K.; Kyle, B.
	Title	Behavior of stabled horses provided continuous or intermittent access to drinking water			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	American Journal of Veterinary Research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
	Volume	60	Issue	11	Pages	1451-1456
	Keywords	Aggression; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Drinking Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/physiology/psychology; Housing, Animal; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal/physiology/psychology; Social Behavior; Videotape Recording; *Water Supply
	Abstract	OBJECTIVE: To compare quantitative measures and clinical assessments of behavior as an indication of psychologic well-being of stabled horses provided drinking water continuously or via 1 of 3 intermittent delivery systems. ANIMALS: 22 Quarter Horse (QH) or QH-crossbred mares and 17 Belgian or Belgian-crossbred mares (study 1) and 24 QH or QH-crossbred mares and 18 Belgian or Belgian-crossbred mares (study 2). PROCEDURE: Stabled horses were provided water continuously or via 1 of 3 intermittent water delivery systems in 2 study periods during a 2-year period. Continuous 24-hour videotaped samples were used to compare quantitative measures and clinical assessments of behavior among groups provided water by the various water delivery systems. RESULTS: All horses had clinically normal behavior. Significant differences in well being were not detected among groups provided water by the various delivery systems. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Various continuous and intermittent water delivery systems can provide adequately for the psychologic well-being of stabled horses.
	Address	New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square 19348, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10566826			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1928
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	Author	Turpeinen, O.
	Title	Effect of cholesterol-lowering diet on mortality from coronary heart disease and other causes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Circulation	Abbreviated Journal	Circulation
	Volume	59	Issue	1	Pages	1-7
	Keywords	Coronary Disease/blood/mortality/prevention & control; Dairy Products; Dietary Fats; Fats, Unsaturated; Finland; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia/complications/diet therapy/mortality; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms/mortality
	Abstract	International statistics indicate that there is a close correlation between the consumption of saturated fats (dairy fats and meat fats) and the mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), and this conception has been confirmed by many epidemiological studies. Such studies alone, however, cannot prove the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship between these two variables; dietary intervention trials are needed. The Finnish Mental Hospital Study was such a trial, conducted in two hospitals near Helsinki in 1959--1971. Practically total replacement of dairy fats by vegetable oils in the diets of these hospitals was followed by a substantial reduction in the mortality of men from CHD. Total mortality also appeared to be reduced. As to the causes of death other than CHD, none was significantly influenced by dietary change. This was also true for malignant neoplasms. To alleviate the burden of CHD on public health, many investigators have recommended important changes in the quantity and quality of dietary fats.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0009-7322	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:758101			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	33
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	Author	Pepperberg, I.M.
	Title	In search of king Solomon's ring: cognitive and communicative studies of Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Brain, behavior and evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Brain Behav Evol
	Volume	59	Issue	1-2	Pages	54-67
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Attention/physiology; Cognition/physiology; Cues; Form Perception/physiology; Humans; Intelligence; Learning/physiology; Male; Models, Psychological; Parrots/*physiology; Psychomotor Performance/physiology; Reward; Social Behavior
	Abstract	During the past 24 years, I have used a modeling technique (M/R procedure) to train Grey parrots to use an allospecific code (English speech) referentially; I then use the code to test their cognitive abilities. The oldest bird, Alex, labels more than 50 different objects, 7 colors, 5 shapes, quantities to 6, 3 categories (color, shape, material) and uses 'no', 'come here', wanna go X' and 'want Y' (X and Y are appropriate location or item labels). He combines labels to identify, request, comment upon or refuse more than 100 items and to alter his environment. He processes queries to judge category, relative size, quantity, presence or absence of similarity/difference in attributes, and show label comprehension. He semantically separates labeling from requesting. He thus exhibits capacities once presumed limited to humans or nonhuman primates. Studies on this and other Greys show that parrots given training that lacks some aspect of input present in M/R protocols (reference, functionality, social interaction) fail to acquire referential English speech. Examining how input affects the extent to which parrots acquire an allospecific code may elucidate mechanisms of other forms of exceptional learning: learning unlikely in the normal course of development but that can occur under certain conditions.
	Address	The MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, USA. impepper@media.mit.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0006-8977	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12097860			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	579
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	Author	Khalil, A.M.; Kaseda, Y.
	Title	Early experience affects developmental behaviour and timing of harem formation in Misaki horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	59	Issue	4	Pages	253-263
	Keywords	Feral horse; Young male; Social behavior; Developmental stage
	Abstract	A study was made of the behavior of young male Misaki feral horses in the developmental stage, by observing nine of them once a week from January 1988 to December 1996. The relationship between behavior before separation and in the developmental stage was also investigated. This stage begins just after young males separate from their natal band or mothers, and it continues until they start to form harems. The duration of the developmental stage in the study ranged from 0.6 to 3.9 years, depending on the age of the young males at the time of separation. Young males associated with three types of social groups at the beginning of the developmental stage, according to their social groups before separation. These were bachelor groups, harem groups and wandering female groups. During this period, males joined the three groups, mixed sex groups and sometimes were solitary. It was considered that these associations provided a good opportunity for males to acquire different behavioral patterns and experiences before they entered the next stage. Depending on the groups with which they associated, young males that spent more time with bachelor groups had the longest average developmental stage. They associated with harem groups more often during the breeding season and more frequently with other groups or were solitary during the non-breeding season. This may be a transition period because by the end of this stage all males had spent time in solitude before forming their own harem bands.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2021
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	Author	Dougherty, D.M.; Lewis, P.
	Title	Generalization of a tactile stimulus in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Anal Behav
	Volume	59	Issue	3	Pages	521-528
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Horses; Male; Reinforcement (Psychology); Touch
	Abstract	Using horses, we investigated the control of operant behavior by a tactile stimulus (the training stimulus) and the generalization of behavior to six other similar test stimuli. In a stall, the experimenters mounted a response panel in the doorway. Located on this panel were a response lever and a grain dispenser. The experimenters secured a tactile-stimulus belt to the horse's back. The stimulus belt was constructed by mounting seven solenoids along a piece of burlap in a manner that allowed each to provide the delivery of a tactile stimulus, a repetitive light tapping, at different locations (spaced 10.0 cm apart) along the horse's back. Two preliminary steps were necessary before generalization testing: training a measurable response (lip pressing) and training on several reinforcement schedules in the presence of a training stimulus (tapping by one of the solenoids). We then gave each horse two generalization test sessions. Results indicated that the horses' behavior was effectively controlled by the training stimulus. Horses made the greatest number of responses to the training stimulus, and the tendency to respond to the other test stimuli diminished as the stimuli became farther away from the training stimulus. These findings are discussed in the context of behavioral principles and their relevance to the training of horses.
	Address	Human Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77030
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-5002	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8315368			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3571
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