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Author Clark, T.B.; Peterson, B.V.; Whitcomb, R.F.; Henegar, R.B.; Hackett, K.J.; Tully, J.G.
Title Spiroplasmas in the Tabanidae Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication Israel Journal of Medical Sciences Abbreviated Journal Isr J Med Sci
Volume (down) 20 Issue 10 Pages 1002-1005
Keywords Animals; Diptera/*microbiology/ultrastructure; Ecology; Female; Hemolymph/microbiology; Male; Maryland; North Carolina; Plants/microbiology; Spiroplasma/classification/*isolation & purification/physiology
Abstract Spiroplasmas were observed in seven species of the family Tabanidae (horse flies and deer flies). This is the fifth family of the order Diptera now known to harbor spiroplasmas. Noncultivable spiroplasmas were seen in the hemolymph of three species of the genus Tabanus, and cultivable forms were isolated from the guts of six species in three genera. Isolates from T. calens and T. sulcifrons were serologically similar and closely related to a spiroplasma in the lampyrid beetle, Ellychnia corrusca. These three isolates represent a new serogroup. Isolates from Hybomitra lasiophthalma were related to Group IV strains, while those from T. nigrovittatus and Chrysops sp. both represented new serogroups. At least some tabanids probably acquire spiroplasmas from contaminated flower surfaces. The possibility of vertebrate reservoirs for some tabanid spiroplasmas remains an open question.
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 0021-2180 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:6511308 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2687
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Author Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J.
Title Why does culture increase human adaptability? Type Journal Article
Year 1995 Publication Ethology and Sociobiology Abbreviated Journal Ethol. a. Sociob.
Volume (down) 16 Issue 2 Pages 125-143
Keywords Social learning; Adaptation; Culture; Sociobiology
Abstract It is often argued that culture is adaptive because it allows people to acquire useful information without costly learning. In a recent paper Rogers (1989) analyzed a simple mathematical model that showed that this argument is wrong. Here we show that Rogers' result is robust. As long as the only benefit of social learning is that imitators avoid learning costs, social learning does not increase average fitness. However, we also show that social learning can be adaptive if it makes individual learning more accurate or less costly.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4196
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Author Beveridge, W.I.
Title Unravelling the ecology of influenza A virus Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Abbreviated Journal Hist Philos Life Sci
Volume (down) 15 Issue 1 Pages 23-32
Keywords Animals; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Birds; Ecology; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/*isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/*history/microbiology/*veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Zoonoses/history
Abstract For 20 years after the influenza A virus was discovered in the early 1930s, it was believed to be almost exclusively a human virus. But in the 1950s closely related viruses were discovered in diseases of horses, pigs and birds. Subsequently influenza A viruses were found to occur frequently in many species of birds, particularly ducks, usually without causing disease. Researchers showed that human and animal strains can hybridise thus producing new strains. Such hybrids may be the cause of pandemics in man. Most pandemics have started in China or eastern Russia where many people are in intimate association with animals. This situation provides a breeding ground for new strains of influenza A virus.
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0391-9714 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:8310117 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2667
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Author Hughes, K.L.; Sulaiman, I.
Title The ecology of Rhodococcus equi and physicochemical influences on growth Type Journal Article
Year 1987 Publication Veterinary Microbiology Abbreviated Journal Vet Microbiol
Volume (down) 14 Issue 3 Pages 241-250
Keywords Animals; Feces/microbiology; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Rhodococcus/*growth & development; *Soil Microbiology; Temperature
Abstract Growth of Rhodococcus equi was studied in vitro. Optimal growth occurred under aerobic conditions between pH 7.0 and 8.5, at 30 degrees C. R. equi survived better in a neutral soil (pH 7.3) than it did in two acid soils (pH less than 5.5). It grew substantially better in soils enriched with faeces than in soils alone. Simple organic acids in horse dung, especially acetate and propionate, appear to be important in supporting growth of R. equi in the environment. The ecology of R. equi can be best explained by an environmental cycle allowing its proliferation in dung, influenced by management, grazing behaviour and prevailing climatic conditions. Preventive measures should be aimed at reducing or avoiding focal areas of faecal contamination in the environment.
Address School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
Corporate Author Thesis
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0378-1135 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:3672866 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2678
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Author Takai, S.; Fujimori, T.; Katsuzaki, K.; Tsubaki, S.
Title Ecology of Rhodococcus equi in horses and their environment on horse-breeding farms Type Journal Article
Year 1987 Publication Veterinary Microbiology Abbreviated Journal Vet Microbiol
Volume (down) 14 Issue 3 Pages 233-239
Keywords Actinomycetales Infections/*veterinary; Animals; Animals, Newborn/*microbiology; *Environmental Microbiology; Feces/microbiology; Female; Horse Diseases/*microbiology; Horses/*microbiology; Rhodococcus/*isolation & purification
Abstract Quantitative culture of R. equi in the feces of dams and foals, in the air of the stalls and in the soil of the paddocks was carried out on three horse-breeding farms during the foaling season. The isolation rates of R. equi from the feces of dams from the 3 farms suddenly increased to approximately 80% at the end of March, when the snow in the paddocks finished melting, and remained at that level during April and May. The mean number of R. equi and the isolation rate of R. equi from the feces of dams on the farms were investigated for 5 weeks before and 5 weeks after delivery. During the 10 weeks, there were no differences in the isolation rate or in the mean number of R. equi from the feces of dams. R. equi was first isolated from the feces of the foals born in February and the middle of March at 3-4 weeks of age, on the other hand, it was first isolated from the feces of foals born in the end of March and April at 1-2 weeks of age. The number of R. equi in the soil collected from the paddocks used by dams during the winter was approximately 10(2)-10(4) g-1 of soil during the experiment. R. equi was isolated from the air in the stalls at the end of March and the number of R. equi in the air increased particularly on dry and windy days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Address Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
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ISSN 0378-1135 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:3672865 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2679
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Author Yamada, T.; Rojanasuphot, S.; Takagi, M.; Wungkobkiat, S.; Hirota, T.
Title Studies on an epidemic of Japanese encephalitis in the northern region of Thailand in 1969 and 1970 Type Journal Article
Year 1971 Publication Biken Journal Abbreviated Journal Biken J
Volume (down) 14 Issue 3 Pages 267-296
Keywords Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Arboviruses/immunology; Buffaloes; Cattle; Chickens; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Reactions; Culicidae; Dengue Virus/immunology; Disease Outbreaks; Ducks; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology/isolation & purification; Encephalitis, Japanese/cerebrospinal fluid/*epidemiology/immunology/microbiology/mortality; Female; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/epidemiology; Horses; Humans; Infant; Male; Mice; Neutralization Tests; Swine; Thailand
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0006-2324 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:4400462 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2728
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Author Takai, S.; Narita, K.; Ando, K.; Tsubaki, S.
Title Ecology of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi in soil on a horse-breeding farm Type Journal Article
Year 1986 Publication Veterinary Microbiology Abbreviated Journal Vet Microbiol
Volume (down) 12 Issue 2 Pages 169-177
Keywords Actinomycetales/classification/*growth & development; Animals; Corynebacterium/classification/*growth & development; Feces/microbiology; Female; Horses; Serotyping; *Soil Microbiology
Abstract The ecology of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi in soil was studied on a horse-breeding farm. R. equi was cultured from soil at a depth of 0, 10, and 20 cm on the six sites of the farm at monthly intervals for 10 months from March to December of 1983. The highest numbers of R. equi were found in the surface soil. The mean number of bacteria in soil samples at every depth increased remarkably from 0 or 10(2) to 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU) g-1 of soil in the middle of April, and later decreased gradually. R. equi inoculated into six soil exudate broths prepared from surface soils at separate sites yielded suspensions with different optical densities, indicating differences in growth. The distribution of serotypes in the soil was similar to that in the horses on the farm. These findings indicated that R. equi could multiply in the soil and flourish in the cycle existing between horses and their soil environment.
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0378-1135 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:3750818 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2683
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Author Alexander, F.; Davies, M.E.; Muir, A.R.
Title Bacteriophage-like particles in the large intestine of the horse Type Journal Article
Year 1970 Publication Research in veterinary science Abbreviated Journal Res Vet Sci
Volume (down) 11 Issue 6 Pages 592-593
Keywords Animals; Bacteriophages/*isolation & purification; Cecum/microbiology; Colon/microbiology
Abstract
Address
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0034-5288 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:5498578 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 114
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Author Dowdle, W.R.; Schild, G.C.
Title Influenza: its antigenic variation and ecology Type Journal Article
Year 1976 Publication Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization Abbreviated Journal Bull Pan Am Health Organ
Volume (down) 10 Issue 3 Pages 193-195
Keywords Animals; *Antigens, Viral; Bird Diseases/microbiology; Birds; Hemagglutinins, Viral; Horse Diseases/microbiology; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/immunology/isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/epidemiology; Mutation; Neuraminidase/immunology; Orthomyxoviridae/enzymology/*immunology; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/microbiology/veterinary; Recombination, Genetic; Swine; Swine Diseases/microbiology
Abstract Influenza viruses have two surface antigens, the glycoprotein structures hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Antibodies to each of these are associated with immunity, but the structures themselves are antigenically variable. When an antigenic change is gradual over time it is referred to as a drift, while a sudden complete or major change in either or both antigens is termed a shift. The mechanism of antigenic drift is usually attributed to selection of preexisting mutants by pressure from increasing immunity in the human population. The mechanism of antigenic shift is less clear, but one tentative hypothesis is that shifts arise from mammalian or avian reservoirs, or through genetic recombination of human and animal influenza strains.
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0085-4638 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:187273 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2700
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Author Lutta, A.S.
Title [Distribution and biology of Heptatoma pellucens in the Karelian ASSR (fam. Tabanidae)] Type Journal Article
Year 1976 Publication Parazitologiia Abbreviated Journal Parazitologiia
Volume (down) 10 Issue 1 Pages 53-55
Keywords Animals; Biology; *Diptera; Ecology; Female; Horses/parasitology; Larva; Russia
Abstract The analysis is given of the peculiarities of the distribution of the widely spread forest subspecies Heptatoma pellucens pellucens Fabr. in the northern part of its distribution area in Karelia. Some data on the biology of the larva of this subspecies are presented.
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Language Russian Summary Language Original Title K rasprostraneniiu i biologii Heptatoma pellucens v Karel'skoi ASSR (sem. Tabanidae)
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0031-1847 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:133320 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2701
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