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| Author | Singer, E.R.; Barnes, J.; Saxby, F.; Murray, J.K. | ||||
| Title | Injuries in the event horse: Training versus competition | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | The Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume  |
175 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 76-81 |
| Keywords | Event horse; Superficial digital flexor tendonitis; Suspensory ligament desmitis; Exertional rhabdomyolysis | ||||
| Abstract | Two related studies on injuries sustained by event horses during competition and during training are reported. During the cross-country phase of competition, the most common injuries were lacerations and abrasions to the carpus and stifle. Superficial digital flexor tendonitis and exertional rhabdomyolysis were significantly more common during Cours Complete Internationale (CCI) competitions compared to one-day event (ODE) competitions. The difference in injury types at ODEs and CCI competitions probably relates to the increased athletic demands of the CCI and the closer veterinary observation at these competitions. The results of the training study indicate that 21% of horses intending to compete in a CCI did not start due to injury. Forty-three percent of these injuries involved soft tissue structures with injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon and the suspensory ligament each accounting for 33%. The most important area for future research is investigation of the risk factors for these career-threatening soft tissue injuries. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ knut @ | Serial | 4352 | ||
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| Author | Arakawa, H.; Arakawa, K.; Blanchard, D.C.; Blanchard, R.J. | ||||
| Title | A new test paradigm for social recognition evidenced by urinary scent marking behavior in C57BL/6J mice | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Behavioural Brain Research | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Brain. Res. |
| Volume |
190 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 97-104 |
| Keywords | Social recognition; Urine marking; Familiarity; Context recognition; C57BL/6J mice | ||||
| Abstract | Olfaction is a major sensory element in intraspecies recognition and communication in mice. The present study investigated scent marking behaviors of males of the highly inbred C57BL/6J (C57) strain in order to evaluate the ability of these behaviors to provide clear and consistent measures of social familiarity and response to social signals. C57 males engage in scent marking when placed in a chamber with a wire mesh partition separating them from a conspecific. Male mice (C57 or outbred CD-1 mice) showed rapid habituation of scent marking (decreased marking over trials) with repeated exposure at 24-h intervals, to a stimulus animal of the C57 or CD-1 strains, or to an empty chamber. Subsequent exposure to a genetically different novel mouse (CD-1 after CD-1 exposure, or CD-1 after C57 exposure) or to a novel context (different shaped chamber) produced recovery of marking, while responses to a novel but genetically identical mouse (C57 after C57 exposure) or to the empty chamber did not. This finding demonstrated that male mice differentiate familiar and novel conspecifics as expressed by habituation and recovery of scent marking, but neither C57 or CD-1 mice can differentiate new vs. familiar C57 males; likely due to similarities in their odor patterns. The data also indicate that scent marking can differentiate novel from familiar contexts. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4639 | ||
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| Author | Parker, M.; Redhead, E.S.; Goodwin, D.; McBride, S.D. | ||||
| Title | Impaired instrumental choice in crib-biting horses (Equus caballus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Behavioural Brain Research | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Brain. Res. |
| Volume |
191 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 137-140 |
| Keywords | Horse; Stereotypy; Striatum; Dopamine; Concurrent-chain schedules; Choice | ||||
| Abstract | Horses displaying an oral stereotypy were tested on an instrumental choice paradigm to examine differences in learning from non-stereotypic counterparts. Stereotypic horses are known to have dysfunction of the dorsomedial striatum, and lesion studies have shown that this region may mediate response-outcome learning. The paradigm was specifically applied in order to examine learning that requires maintenance of response-outcome judgements. The non-stereotypic horses learned, over three sessions, to choose a more immediate reinforcer, whereas the stereotypic horses failed to do so. This suggests an initial behavioural correlate for dorsomedial striatum dysregulation in the stereotypy phenotype. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0166-4328 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4830 | ||
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| Author | Webster, M.M.; Laland, K.N. | ||||
| Title | Social learning strategies and predation risk: minnows copy only when using private information would be costly | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc Biol Sci | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B |
| Volume |
275 | Issue | 1653 | Pages | 2869-2876 |
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| Abstract | Animals can acquire information from the environment privately, by sampling it directly, or socially, through learning from others. Generally, private information is more accurate, but expensive to acquire, while social information is cheaper but less reliable. Accordingly, the 'costly information hypothesis' predicts that individuals will use private information when the costs associated with doing so are low, but that they should increasingly use social information as the costs of using private information rise. While consistent with considerable data, this theory has yet to be directly tested in a satisfactory manner. We tested this hypothesis by giving minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) a choice between socially demonstrated and non-demonstrated prey patches under conditions of low, indirect and high simulated predation risk. Subjects had no experience (experiment 1) or prior private information that conflicted with the social information provided by the demonstrators (experiment 2). In both experiments, subjects spent more time in the demonstrated patch than in the non-demonstrated patch, and in experiment 1 made fewer switches between patches, when risk was high compared with when it was low. These findings are consistent with the predictions of the costly information hypothesis, and imply that minnows adopt a 'copy-when-asocial-learning-is-costly' learning strategy. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6196 | ||
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| Author | Li, W.; Howard, J.D.; Parrish, T.B.; Gottfried, J.A. | ||||
| Title | Aversive Learning Enhances Perceptual and Cortical Discrimination of Indiscriminable Odor Cues | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume |
319 | Issue | 5871 | Pages | 1842-1845 |
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| Abstract | Learning to associate sensory cues with threats is critical for minimizing aversive experience. The ecological benefit of associative learning relies on accurate perception of predictive cues, but how aversive learning enhances perceptual acuity of sensory signals, particularly in humans, is unclear. We combined multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging with olfactory psychophysics to show that initially indistinguishable odor enantiomers (mirror-image molecules) become discriminable after aversive conditioning, paralleling the spatial divergence of ensemble activity patterns in primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Our findings indicate that aversive learning induces piriform plasticity with corresponding gains in odor enantiomer discrimination, underscoring the capacity of fear conditioning to update perceptual representation of predictive cues, over and above its well-recognized role in the acquisition of conditioned responses. That completely indiscriminable sensations can be transformed into discriminable percepts further accentuates the potency of associative learning to enhance sensory cue perception and support adaptive behavior. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1126/science.1152837 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4408 | ||
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| Author | Li, W.; Howard, J.D.; Parrish, T.B.; Gottfried, J.A. | ||||
| Title | Supporting Online Material to: Aversive Learning Enhances Perceptual and Cortical Discrimination of Indiscriminable Odor Cues | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume |
319 | Issue | 5871 | Pages | 1842-1845 |
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| Abstract | Learning to associate sensory cues with threats is critical for minimizing aversive experience. The ecological benefit of associative learning relies on accurate perception of predictive cues, but how aversive learning enhances perceptual acuity of sensory signals, particularly in humans, is unclear. We combined multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging with olfactory psychophysics to show that initially indistinguishable odor enantiomers (mirror-image molecules) become discriminable after aversive conditioning, paralleling the spatial divergence of ensemble activity patterns in primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Our findings indicate that aversive learning induces piriform plasticity with corresponding gains in odor enantiomer discrimination, underscoring the capacity of fear conditioning to update perceptual representation of predictive cues, over and above its well-recognized role in the acquisition of conditioned responses. That completely indiscriminable sensations can be transformed into discriminable percepts further accentuates the potency of associative learning to enhance sensory cue perception and support adaptive behavior. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1126/science.1152837 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4409 | ||
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| Author | Pesenti, M.E.; Spinelli, S.; Bezirard, V.; Briand, L.; Pernollet, J.-C.; Tegoni, M.; Cambillau, C. | ||||
| Title | Structural Basis of the Honey Bee PBP Pheromone and pH-induced Conformational Change | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Journal of Molecular Biology | Abbreviated Journal | J Mol Biol |
| Volume |
380 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 158-169 |
| Keywords | honeybee; Apis mellifera; pheromone-binding protein; crystal structure; signal transduction | ||||
| Abstract | The behavior of insects and their perception of their surroundings are driven, in a large part, by odorants and pheromones. This is especially true for social insects, such as the honey bee, where the queen controls the development and the caste status of the other individuals. Pheromone perception is a complex phenomenon relying on a cascade of recognition events, initiated in antennae by pheromone recognition by a pheromone-binding protein and finishing with signal transduction at the axon membrane level. With to the objective of deciphering this initial step, we have determined the structures of the bee antennal pheromone-binding protein (ASP1) in the apo form and in complex with the main component of the queen mandibular pheromonal mixture, 9-keto-2(E)-decenoic acid (9-ODA) and with nonpheromonal components. In the apo protein, the C terminus obstructs the binding site. In contrast, ASP1 complexes have different open conformations, depending on the ligand shape, leading to different volumes of the binding cavity. The binding site integrity depends on the C terminus (111-119) conformation, which involves the interplay of two factors; i.e. the presence of a ligand and a low pH. Ligand binding to ASP1 is favored by low pH, opposite to what is observed with other pheromone-binding proteins, such as those of Bombyx mori and Anopheles gambiae. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4647 | ||
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| Author | Prather, J.F.; Peters, S.; Nowicki, S.; Mooney, R. | ||||
| Title | Precise auditory-vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume |
451 | Issue | 7176 | Pages | 305-310 |
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| Abstract | Brain mechanisms for communication must establish a correspondence between sensory and motor codes used to represent the signal. One idea is that this correspondence is established at the level of single neurons that are active when the individual performs a particular gesture or observes a similar gesture performed by another individual. Although neurons that display a precise auditory–vocal correspondence could facilitate vocal communication, they have yet to be identified. Here we report that a certain class of neurons in the swamp sparrow forebrain displays a precise auditory–vocal correspondence. We show that these neurons respond in a temporally precise fashion to auditory presentation of certain note sequences in this songbird’s repertoire and to similar note sequences in other birds’ songs. These neurons display nearly identical patterns of activity when the bird sings the same sequence, and disrupting auditory feedback does not alter this singing-related activity, indicating it is motor in nature. Furthermore, these neurons innervate striatal structures important for song learning, raising the possibility that singing-related activity in these cells is compared to auditory feedback to guide vocal learning. |
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| Publisher | Nature Publishing Group | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | 10.1038/nature06492 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5062 | ||
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| Author | Milinski, M.; Rockenbach, B. | ||||
| Title | Human behaviour: Punisher pays | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Nature | |
| Volume |
452 | Issue | 7185 | Pages | 297-298 |
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| Abstract | The tendency of humans to punish perceived free-loaders, even at a cost to themselves, is an evolutionary puzzle: punishers perish, and those who benefit the most are those who have never punished at all. Humans are champions of cooperation. Reciprocity – the idea that, if I help you this time, you'll help me next time1 – is a secret of our success. |
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| Publisher | Nature Publishing Group | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | 10.1038/452297a | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4405 | ||
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| Author | Dreber, A.; Rand, D.G.; Fudenberg, D.; Nowak, M.A. | ||||
| Title | Winners don/'t punish | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Nature | |
| Volume |
452 | Issue | 7185 | Pages | 348-351 |
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| Abstract | A key aspect of human behaviour is cooperation1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. We tend to help others even if costs are involved. We are more likely to help when the costs are small and the benefits for the other person significant. Cooperation leads to a tension between what is best for the individual and what is best for the group. A group does better if everyone cooperates, but each individual is tempted to defect. Recently there has been much interest in exploring the effect of costly punishment on human cooperation8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Costly punishment means paying a cost for another individual to incur a cost. It has been suggested that costly punishment promotes cooperation even in non-repeated games and without any possibility of reputation effects10. But most of our interactions are repeated and reputation is always at stake. Thus, if costly punishment is important in promoting cooperation, it must do so in a repeated setting. We have performed experiments in which, in each round of a repeated game, people choose between cooperation, defection and costly punishment. In control experiments, people could only cooperate or defect. Here we show that the option of costly punishment increases the amount of cooperation but not the average payoff of the group. Furthermore, there is a strong negative correlation between total payoff and use of costly punishment. Those people who gain the highest total payoff tend not to use costly punishment: winners don't punish. This suggests that costly punishment behaviour is maladaptive in cooperation games and might have evolved for other reasons. | ||||
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| Publisher | Nature Publishing Group | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | 10.1038/nature06723 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4406 | ||
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