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Author Gould, J.L. doi  openurl
  Title Animal cognition Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Current Biology : CB Abbreviated Journal Curr Biol  
  Volume (down) 14 Issue 10 Pages R372-5  
  Keywords Animals; Awareness; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Concept Formation; Decision Making; Instinct; Intelligence/*physiology; Learning/*physiology; Species Specificity  
  Abstract  
  Address Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA. gould@princeton.edu  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0960-9822 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:15186759 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4169  
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Author Mendl, M.; Paul, E.S. url  openurl
  Title Consciousness, emotion and animal welfare: insights from cognitive science Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Animal Welfare Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) 13 Issue Pages 17-25  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3512  
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Author Hiby, E.F.; Rooney, N.J.; Bradshaw, J.W.S. url  openurl
  Title Dog training methods: their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Animal Welfare Abbreviated Journal Anim. Welf.  
  Volume (down) 13 Issue 1 Pages 63-69  
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  Abstract Historically, pet dogs were trained using mainly negative reinforcement or punishment, but positive reinforcement using rewards has recently become more popular. The methods used may have different impacts on the dogsâ&#65533;&#65533; welfare. We distributed a questionnaire to 364 dog owners in order to examine the relative effectiveness of different training methods and their effects upon a pet dogâ&#65533;&#65533;s behaviour. When asked how they trained their dog on seven basic tasks, 66% reported using vocal punishment, 12% used physical punishment, 60% praise (social reward), 51% food rewards and 11% play. The ownerâ&#65533;&#65533;s ratings for their dogâ&#65533;&#65533;s obedience during eight tasks correlated positively with the number of tasks which they trained using rewards (P<0.01), but not using punishment (P=0.5). When asked whether their dog exhibited any of 16 common problematic behaviours, the number of problems reported by the owners correlated with the number of tasks for which their dog was trained using punishment (P<0.001), but not using rewards (P=0.17). Exhibition of problematic behaviours may be indicative of compromised welfare, because such behaviours can be caused byor result ina state of anxiety and may lead to a dog being relinquished or abandoned. Because punishment was associated with an increased incidence of problematic behaviours, we conclude that it may represent a welfare concern without concurrent benefits in obedience. We suggest that positive training methods may be more useful to the pet-owning community.  
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  ISSN 0962-7286 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Hiby:2004:0962-7286:63 Serial 6433  
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Author Kleiven, J.; Bjerke, T.; Kaltenborn, B.P. url  doi
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  Title Factors influencing the social acceptability of large carnivore behaviours Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Biodivers Conserv Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) 13 Issue Pages  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Kleiven2004 Serial 6447  
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Author Brandt, K. doi  openurl
  Title A Language of Their Own: An Interactionist Approach to Human-Horse Communication Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Society and Animals Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) 12 Issue 4 Pages 299-316  
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  Abstract This paper explores the process of human-horse communication using ethnographic data of in-depth interviews and participant observation. Guided by symbolic interactionism, the paper argues that humans and horses co-create a language system by way of the body to facilitate the creation of shared meaning. This research challenges the privileged status of verbal language and suggests that non-verbal communication and language systems of the body have their own unique complexities. This investigation of humanhorse communication offers new possibilities to understand the subjective and intersubjective world of non-verbal language using beings-human and nonhuman alike.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4386  
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Author DiGian, K.A.; Friedrich, A.M.; Zentall, T.R. openurl 
  Title Discriminative stimuli that follow a delay have added value for pigeons Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Psychonomic bulletin & review Abbreviated Journal Psychon Bull Rev  
  Volume (down) 11 Issue 5 Pages 889-895  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; *Cues; *Discrimination (Psychology)  
  Abstract Clement, Feltus, Kaiser, and Zentall (2000) reported that pigeons prefer discriminative stimuli that require greater effort (more pecks) to obtain over those that require less effort. In the present experiment, we examined two variables associated with this phenomenon. First, we asked whether delay of reinforcement, presumably a relatively aversive event similar to effort, would produce similar effects. Second, we asked whether the stimulus preference produced by a prior relatively aversive event depends on its anticipation. Anticipation of delay was accomplished by signaling its occurrence. Results indicated that delays can produce preferences similar to those produced by increased effort, but only if the delays are signaled.  
  Address University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1069-9384 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:15732699 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 226  
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Author Zentall, T.R.; Weaver, J.E.; Clement, T.S. openurl 
  Title Pigeons group time intervals according to their relative duration Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Psychonomic bulletin & review Abbreviated Journal Psychon Bull Rev  
  Volume (down) 11 Issue 1 Pages 113-117  
  Keywords Animals; Columbidae; *Discrimination (Psychology); Reinforcement (Psychology); Time Factors; Time Perception  
  Abstract In the present research, we asked whether pigeons tended to judge time intervals not only in terms of their absolute value but also relative to a duration from which they must be discriminated (i.e., longer or shorter). Pigeons were trained on two independent temporal discriminations. In one discrimination, sample durations of 2 and 8 sec were associated with, for example, red and green hue comparisons, respectively, and in the other discrimination, sample durations of 4 and 16 sec were associated with vertical and horizontal line comparisons, respectively. If pigeons are trained on a temporal discrimination and tested with intermediate durations, the subjective midpoint typically occurs close to the geometric mean of the two trained values. The 4- and 8-sec values were selected to be the geometric mean of the two values in the other discrimination. When a 4-sec test sample was presented with the comparisons from the 2- and 8-sec discrimination, the pigeons preferred the comparison associated with the shorter sample. Similarly, when an 8-sec test sample was presented with the comparisons from the 4- and 16-sec discrimination, the pigeons preferred the comparison associated with the longer sample. Thus, a relative grouping effect was found. That is, durations that should have produced indifferent choice were influenced by their relative durations (shorter than or longer than the alternative) during training.  
  Address Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu  
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  ISSN 1069-9384 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:15116995 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 231  
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Author Harman, F.S.; Nicol, C.J.; Marin, H.E.; Ward, J.M.; Gonzalez, F.J.; Peters, J.M. doi  openurl
  Title Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta attenuates colon carcinogenesis Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Nature medicine Abbreviated Journal Nat Med  
  Volume (down) 10 Issue 5 Pages 481-483  
  Keywords Animals; Azoxymethane/toxicity; Colonic Neoplasms/etiology/genetics/*prevention & control; Colonic Polyps/etiology/genetics/pathology/prevention & control; Disease Models, Animal; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Mutant Strains; Phenotype; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency/genetics/*physiology; Transcription Factors/deficiency/genetics/*physiology  
  Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPAR-delta; also known as PPAR-beta) is expressed at high levels in colon tumors, but its contribution to colon cancer is unclear. We examined the role of PPAR-delta in colon carcinogenesis using PPAR-delta-deficient (Ppard(-/-)) mice. In both the Min mutant and chemically induced mouse models, colon polyp formation was significantly greater in mice nullizygous for PPAR-delta. In contrast to previous reports suggesting that activation of PPAR-delta potentiates colon polyp formation, here we show that PPAR-delta attenuates colon carcinogenesis.  
  Address Department of Veterinary Science and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. jmp21@psu.edu  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1078-8956 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:15048110 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 77  
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Author Markman, E.M.; Abelev, M. doi  openurl
  Title Word learning in dogs? Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Trends in Cognitive Sciences Abbreviated Journal Trends. Cognit. Sci.  
  Volume (down) 8 Issue 11 Pages 479-81; discussion 481  
  Keywords Animals; Association Learning; Dogs; *Learning; *Verbal Learning; *Vocabulary  
  Abstract In a recent paper, Kaminski, Call and Fischer report pioneering research on word-learning in a dog. In this commentary we suggest ways of distinguishing referential word use from mere association. We question whether the dog is reasoning by exclusion and, if so, compare three explanations – learned heuristics, default assumptions, and pragmatic reasoning – as they apply to children and might apply to dogs. Kaminski et al.'s work clearly raises important questions about the origins and basis of word learning and social cognition.  
  Address Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Bldg 420, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1364-6613 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:15491899 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 274  
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Author Dall, Sasha R. X; Houston, Alasdair I.; McNamara, John M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The behavioural ecology of personality: consistent individual differences from an adaptive perspective Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Ecology Letters Abbreviated Journal Ecol. Letters  
  Volume (down) 7 Issue Pages 734-739  
  Keywords Adaptive individual differences, behavioural ecology, behavioural syndromes, evolutionary game theory, life history strategies, personality differences, state-dependent dynamic programming  
  Abstract Individual humans, and members of diverse other species, show consistent differences in

aggressiveness, shyness, sociability and activity. Such intraspecific differences in

behaviour have been widely assumed to be non-adaptive variation surrounding

(possibly) adaptive population-average behaviour. Nevertheless, in keeping with recent

calls to apply Darwinian reasoning to ever-finer scales of biological variation, we sketch

the fundamentals of an adaptive theory of consistent individual differences in behaviour.

Our thesis is based on the notion that such .personality differences. can be selected for if

fitness payoffs are dependent on both the frequencies with which competing strategies

are played and an individual`s behavioural history. To this end, we review existing models

that illustrate this and propose a game theoretic approach to analyzing personality

differences that is both dynamic and state-dependent. Our motivation is to provide

insights into the evolution and maintenance of an apparently common animal trait:

personality, which has far reaching ecological and evolutionary implications.
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 494  
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