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Author |
Cheng, K. |
Title |
Generalisation: mechanistic and functional explanations |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
5 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
33-40 |
Keywords |
Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Bees/*physiology; Cognition; Evolution; Models, Psychological |
Abstract |
An overview of mechanistic and functional accounts of stimulus generalisation is given. Mechanistic accounts rely on the process of spreading activation across units representing stimuli. Different models implement the spread in different ways, ranging from diffusion to connectionist networks. A functional account proposed by Shepard analyses the probabilistic structure of the world for invariants. A universal law based on one such invariant claims that under a suitable scaling of the stimulus dimension, generalisation gradients should be approximately exponential in shape. Data from both vertebrates and invertebrates so far uphold Shepard's law. Some data on spatial generalisation in honeybees are presented to illustrate how Shepard's law can be used to determine the metric for combining discrepancies in different stimulus dimensions. The phenomenon of peak shift is discussed. Comments on mechanistic and functional approaches to generalisation are given. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. kcheng@axon.bhs.mq.edu.au |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:11957400 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2612 |
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Author |
Hopkins, W.D.; Washburn, D.A. |
Title |
Matching visual stimuli on the basis of global and local features by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
5 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
27-31 |
Keywords |
Animals; Discrimination Learning; Facial Expression; Female; Macaca mulatta/physiology/*psychology; Male; Pan troglodytes/physiology/*psychology; Perceptual Masking; Social Perception; Visual Perception/*physiology |
Abstract |
This study was designed to examine whether chimpanzees and monkeys exhibit a global-to-local precedence in the processing of hierarchically organized compound stimuli, as has been reported for humans. Subjects were tested using a sequential matching-to-sample paradigm using stimuli that differed on the basis of their global configuration or local elements, or on both perceptual attributes. Although both species were able to discriminate stimuli on the basis of their global configuration or local elements, the chimpanzees exhibited a global-to-local processing strategy, whereas the rhesus monkeys exhibited a local-to-global processing strategy. The results suggest that perceptual and attentional mechanisms underlying information-processing strategies may account for differences in learning by primates. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA 30149, USA. whopkins@berry.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:11957399 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2613 |
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Author |
Fujita, K.; Kuroshima, H.; Masuda, T. |
Title |
Do tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) spontaneously deceive opponents? A preliminary analysis of an experimental food-competition contest between monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
5 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
19-25 |
Keywords |
Animals; Cebus/*psychology; *Competitive Behavior; *Deception; Dominance-Subordination; Feeding Behavior/*psychology; Female; Male; Predatory Behavior; Social Behavior |
Abstract |
A new laboratory procedure which allows the study of deceptive behavior in nonhuman primates is described. Pairs of tufted capuchin monkeys faced each other in a food-competition contest. Two feeder boxes were placed between the monkeys. A piece of food was placed in one of the boxes. The subordinate individual was able to see the food and to open the box to obtain the bait. A dominant male was unable to see the food or to open the box but was able to take the food once the box was opened by the subordinate. In experiment 1, two of four subordinate monkeys spontaneously started to open the unbaited box first with increasing frequency. Experiment 2 confirmed that this “deceptive” act was not due to a drop in the rate of reinforcement caused by the usurping dominant male, under the situation in which food sometimes automatically dropped from the opened box. In experiment 3, two subordinate monkeys were rerun in the same situation as experiment 1. One of them showed some recovery of the “deceptive” act but the other did not; instead the latter tended to position himself on the side where there was no food before he started to open the box. Although the results do not clearly indicate spontaneous deception, we suggest that operationally defined spontaneous deceptive behaviors in monkeys can be analyzed with experimental procedures such as those used here. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. fujita@psy.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:11957398 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2614 |
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Author |
Call, J. |
Title |
A fish-eye lens for comparative studies: broadening the scope of animal cognition |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
5 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
15-16 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Fishes/*physiology; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
? is the article no longer available? |
Address |
call@eva.mpg.de |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:11957396 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2616 |
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Author |
Bshary, R.; Wickler, W.; Fricke, H. |
Title |
Fish cognition: a primate's eye view |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
5 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-13 |
Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Evolution; Fishes/*physiology; Intelligence; Learning; Primates/*physiology; Social Behavior |
Abstract |
We provide selected examples from the fish literature of phenomena found in fish that are currently being examined in discussions of cognitive abilities and evolution of neocortex size in primates. In the context of social intelligence, we looked at living in individualized groups and corresponding social strategies, social learning and tradition, and co-operative hunting. Regarding environmental intelligence, we searched for examples concerning special foraging skills, tool use, cognitive maps, memory, anti-predator behaviour, and the manipulation of the environment. Most phenomena of interest for primatologists are found in fish as well. We therefore conclude that more detailed studies on decision rules and mechanisms are necessary to test for differences between the cognitive abilities of primates and other taxa. Cognitive research can benefit from future fish studies in three ways: first, as fish are highly variable in their ecology, they can be used to determine the specific ecological factors that select for the evolution of specific cognitive abilities. Second, for the same reason they can be used to investigate the link between cognitive abilities and the enlargement of specific brain areas. Third, decision rules used by fish could be used as 'null-hypotheses' for primatologists looking at how monkeys might make their decisions. Finally, we propose a variety of fish species that we think are most promising as study objects. |
Address |
University of Cambridge, Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. rb286@cam.ac.uk |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:11957395 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2617 |
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Author |
Miklósi, Á. |
Title |
Cecilia Heyes and Ludwig Huber (eds): The Evolution of Cognition |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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5 |
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3 |
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187-189 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3096 |
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Author |
Byrne, R. |
Title |
When cognitive psychology met Japanese primatology |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
5 |
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1 |
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59-60 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3180 |
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Author |
Miklósi, Á. |
Title |
On the usefulness and limits of functional analogies |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
5 |
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1 |
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17-18 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3227 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Silent invasion: Imanishi's primatology and cultural bias in science |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
6 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
293-299 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Culture; Ecosystem; History, 20th Century; Philosophy; Portraits; *Prejudice; Primates/*psychology; Psychology, Comparative/*history; Research Design/trends |
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Living Links, Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:14551801 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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178 |
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Author |
Imura, T.; Tomonaga, M. |
Title |
Perception of depth from shading in infant chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
6 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
253-258 |
Keywords |
Age Factors; Animals; Contrast Sensitivity/*physiology; Depth Perception/*physiology; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/growth & development/*physiology/*psychology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology |
Abstract |
We investigated the ability to perceive depth from shading, one of the pictorial depth cues, in three chimpanzee infants aged 4-10 months old, using a preferential reaching task commonly used to study pictorial depth perception in human infants. The chimpanzee infants reached significantly more to three-dimensional toys than to pictures thereof and more to the three-dimensional convex than to the concave. Furthermore, two of the three infants reached significantly more to the photographic convex than to the photographic concave. These infants also looked longer at the photographic convex than the concave. Our results suggest that chimpanzees perceive, at least as early as the latter half of the first year of life, pictorial depth defined by shading information. Photographic convexes contain richer information about pictorial depth (e.g., attached shadow, cast shadow, highlighted area, and global difference in brightness) than simple computer-graphic graded patterns. These cues together might facilitate the infants' perception of depth from shading. |
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Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University, Uegahara, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:14610661 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2550 |
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