Records |
Author |
Whiten, A. |
Title |
Social complexity and social intelligence |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Novartis Foundation Symposium |
Abbreviated Journal |
Novartis Found Symp |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
233 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
185-96; discussion 196-201 |
Keywords |
Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Humans; *Intelligence/physiology; Learning; Models, Psychological; Primates; *Social Behavior; Social Problems |
Abstract |
When we talk of the 'nature of intelligence', or any other attribute, we may be referring to its essential structure, or to its place in nature, particularly the function it has evolved to serve. Here I examine both, from the perspective of the evolution of intelligence in primates. Over the last 20 years, the Social (or 'Machiavellian') Intelligence Hypothesis has gained empirical support. Its core claim is that the intelligence of primates is primarily an adaptation to the special complexities of primate social life. In addition to this hypothesis about the function of intellect, a secondary claim is that the very structure of intelligence has been moulded to be 'social' in character, an idea that presents a challenge to orthodox views of intelligence as a general-purpose capacity. I shall outline the principal components of social intelligence and the environment of social complexity it engages with. This raises the question of whether domain specificity is an appropriate characterization of social intelligence and its subcomponents, like theory of mind. As a counter-argument to such specificity I consider the hypothesis that great apes exhibit a cluster of advanced cognitive abilities that rest on a shared capacity for second-order mental representation. |
Address |
School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JU, UK |
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English |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1528-2511 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:11276903 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
2084 |
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Author |
Fischer, J.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M. |
Title |
Development of infant baboons' responses to graded bark variants |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
267 |
Issue |
1459 |
Pages |
2317-2321 |
Keywords |
*Animal Communication; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Male; Models, Psychological; Papio/growth & development/*physiology; *Vocalization, Animal |
Abstract |
We studied the development of infant baboons' (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) responses to conspecific 'barks' in a free-ranging population in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. These barks grade from tonal, harmonically rich calls into calls with a more noisy, harsh structure. Typically, tonal variants are given when the signaller is at risk of losing contact with the group or a particular individual ('contact barks'), whereas harsh variants are given in response to predators ('alarm barks'). We conducted focal observations and playback experiments in which we presented variants of barks recorded from resident adult females. By six months of age, infants reliably discriminated between typical alarm and contact barks and they responded more strongly to intermediate alarm calls than to typical contact barks. Infants of six months and older also recognized their mothers by voice. The ability to discriminate between different call variants developed with increasing age. At two and a half months of age, infants failed to respond at all, whereas at four months they responded irrespective of the call type that was presented. At six months, infants showed adult-like responses by responding strongly to alarm barks but ignoring contact barks. We concluded that infants gradually learn to attach the appropriate meaning to alarm and contact barks. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3815 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. fischerj@eva.mpg.de |
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English |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0962-8452 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:11413649 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
694 |
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Author |
Johnstone, R.A.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
Title |
Coalition formation in animals and the nature of winner and loser effects |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
267 |
Issue |
1438 |
Pages |
17-21 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Coalition formation has been documented in a diverse array of taxa, yet there has been little formal analysis of polyadic interactions such as coalitions. Here, we develop an optimality model which examines the role of winner and loser effects in shaping coalition formation. We demonstrate that the predicted patterns of alliances are strongly dependent on the way in which winner and loser effects change with contestant strength. When winner and loser effects decrease with the resource-holding power (RHP) of the combatants, coalitions will be favoured between the strongest members of a group, but not between the weakest. If, in contrast, winner and loser effects increase with RHP, exactly the opposite predictions emerge. All other things being equal, intervention is more likely to prove worthwhile when the beneficiary of the aid is weaker (and its opponent is stronger), because the beneficiary is then less likely to win without help. Consequently, intervention is more probable when the impact of victory on the subsequent performance of a combatant increases with that individual's strength because this selects for intervention in favour of weaker combatants. The published literature on hierarchy formation does not reveal how winner and loser effects actually change with contestant strength and we therefore hope that our model will spur others to collect such data; in this light we suggest an experiment which will help to elucidate the nature of winner and loser effects and their impact on coalition formation in animals. |
Address |
* aggression * dominance * hierarchy * intervention * reciprocity |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
10.1098/rspb.2000.0960 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5290 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Aureli, F.; Judge, P.G. |
Title |
Coping with crowding |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
282 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
76-81 |
Keywords |
*Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Emotions; Female; Grooming; Homicide; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; *Population Density; Primates; Rodentia; Rural Population; Territoriality; Urban Population; Violence |
Abstract |
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Address |
Living Links Center, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Atlanta, USA |
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English |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0036-8733 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:11056991 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
184 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B. |
Title |
Primates--A natural heritage of conflict resolution |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
289 |
Issue |
5479 |
Pages |
586-590 |
Keywords |
Aggression/*psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Conflict (Psychology); Female; Humans; Male; *Primates; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance |
Abstract |
The traditional notion of aggression as an antisocial instinct is being replaced by a framework that considers it a tool of competition and negotiation. When survival depends on mutual assistance, the expression of aggression is constrained by the need to maintain beneficial relationships. Moreover, evolution has produced ways of countering its disruptive consequences. For example, chimpanzees kiss and embrace after fights, and other nonhuman primates engage in similar “reconciliations.” Theoretical developments in this field carry implications for human aggression research. From families to high schools, aggressive conflict is subject to the same constraints known of cooperative animal societies. It is only when social relationships are valued that one can expect the full complement of natural checks and balances. |
Address |
Living Links, Center for the Advanced Study of Human and Ape Evolution, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0036-8075 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:10915614 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
187 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Janik, V.M. |
Title |
Whistle matching in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
289 |
Issue |
5483 |
Pages |
1355-1357 |
Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Dolphins/*physiology; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; *Social Behavior; *Vocalization, Animal |
Abstract |
Dolphin communication is suspected to be complex, on the basis of their call repertoires, cognitive abilities, and ability to modify signals through vocal learning. Because of the difficulties involved in observing and recording individual cetaceans, very little is known about how they use their calls. This report shows that wild, unrestrained bottlenose dolphins use their learned whistles in matching interactions, in which an individual responds to a whistle of a conspecific by emitting the same whistle type. Vocal matching occurred over distances of up to 580 meters and is indicative of animals addressing each other individually. |
Address |
School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Bute Building, Fife KY16 9TS, UK |
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English |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0036-8075 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:10958783 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
550 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Pierce, M.M.; Nall, B.T. |
Title |
Coupled kinetic traps in cytochrome c folding: His-heme misligation and proline isomerization |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Journal of Molecular Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Mol Biol |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
298 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
955-969 |
Keywords |
Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acid Substitution/genetics; Binding Sites; Cytochrome c Group/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism; *Cytochromes c; Enzyme Stability/drug effects; Fluorescence; Guanidine/pharmacology; Heme/*metabolism; Histidine/genetics/*metabolism; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Isomerism; Kinetics; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation/genetics; Proline/*chemistry/metabolism; Protein Conformation/drug effects; Protein Denaturation/drug effects; *Protein Folding; Protein Renaturation; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology/genetics; Sequence Alignment; Thermodynamics |
Abstract |
The effect of His-heme misligation on folding has been investigated for a triple mutant of yeast iso-2 cytochrome c (N26H,H33N,H39K iso-2). The variant contains a single misligating His residue at position 26, a location at which His residues are found in several cytochrome c homologues, including horse, tuna, and yeast iso-1. The amplitude for fast phase folding exhibits a strong initial pH dependence. For GdnHCl unfolded protein at an initial pH<5, the observed refolding at final pH 6 is dominated by a fast phase (tau(2f)=20 ms, alpha(2f)=90 %) that represents folding in the absence of misligation. For unfolded protein at initial pH 6, folding at final pH 6 occurs in a fast phase of reduced amplitude (alpha(2f) approximately 20 %) but the same rate (tau(2f)=20 ms), and in two slower phases (tau(m)=6-8 seconds, alpha(m) approximately 45 %; and tau(1b)=16-20 seconds, alpha(1b) approximately 35 %). Double jump experiments show that the initial pH dependence of the folding amplitudes results from a slow pH-dependent equilibrium between fast and slow folding species present in the unfolded protein. The slow equilibrium arises from coupling of the His protonation equilibrium to His-heme misligation and proline isomerization. Specifically, Pro25 is predominantly in trans in the unligated low-pH unfolded protein, but is constrained in a non-native cis isomerization state by His26-heme misligation near neutral pH. Refolding from the misligated unfolded form proceeds slowly due to the large energetic barrier required for proline isomerization and displacement of the misligated His26-heme ligand. |
Address |
Center for Biomolecular Structure, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
0022-2836 |
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Notes |
PMID:10801361 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
3853 |
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Author |
Hagen, S.J.; Eaton, W.A. |
Title |
Two-state expansion and collapse of a polypeptide |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Journal of Molecular Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Mol Biol |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
301 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1019-1027 |
Keywords |
Animals; Computer Simulation; Cytochrome c Group/*chemistry/*metabolism; Horses; Kinetics; Lasers; Models, Chemical; Peptides/*chemistry/*metabolism; Protein Conformation; Protein Denaturation; *Protein Folding; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Temperature; Thermodynamics |
Abstract |
The initial phase of folding for many proteins is presumed to be the collapse of the polypeptide chain from expanded to compact, but still denatured, conformations. Theory and simulations suggest that this collapse may be a two-state transition, characterized by barrier-crossing kinetics, while the collapse of homopolymers is continuous and multi-phasic. We have used a laser temperature-jump with fluorescence spectroscopy to measure the complete time-course of the collapse of denatured cytochrome c with nanosecond time resolution. We find the process to be exponential in time and thermally activated, with an apparent activation energy approximately 9 k(B)T (after correction for solvent viscosity). These results indicate that polypeptide collapse is kinetically a two-state transition. Because of the observed free energy barrier, the time scale of polypeptide collapse is dramatically slower than is predicted by Langevin models for homopolymer collapse. |
Address |
Laboratory of Chemical Physics, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Building 5, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0520, USA |
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English |
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0022-2836 |
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Notes |
PMID:10966803 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3790 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Berger, M.L. |
Title |
Payment for labour in monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
404 |
Issue |
6778 |
Pages |
563 |
Keywords |
Animals; Cebus/*physiology; *Cooperative Behavior; Evolution; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Reward |
Abstract |
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Address |
Living Links, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. dewaal@emory.edu |
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English |
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0028-0836 |
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Notes |
PMID:10766228 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
190 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Foster, K.R.; Ratnieks, F.L.W. |
Title |
Social insects: Facultative worker policing in a wasp |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
407 |
Issue |
6805 |
Pages |
692-693 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Kin-selection theory predicts that in social-insect colonies where the queen has mated multiple times, the workers will enforce cooperation by policing each other's reproduction1, 2, 3, 4. We have discovered a species, the wasp Dolichovespula saxonica, in which some queens mate once and others mate many times, and in which workers frequently attempt reproduction, allowing this prediction to be tested directly. We find that multiple mating by the queen leads to mutual policing by workers, whereas single mating does not. |
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Macmillan Magazines Ltd. |
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0028-0836 |
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Notes |
10.1038/35037665 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4940 |
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