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| Author | Williams, D.O.; Boatwright, R.B.; Rugh, K.S.; Garner, H.E.; Griggs, D.M.J. | ||||
| Title | Myocardial blood flow, metabolism, and function with repeated brief coronary occlusions in conscious ponies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1991 | Publication | The American journal of physiology | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Physiol |
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260 | Issue | 1 Pt 2 | Pages | H100-9 |
| Keywords | Animals; Consciousness/*physiology; Coronary Circulation/*physiology; Coronary Disease/pathology/*physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Hemodynamic Processes/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Hydrogen/metabolism; Lactates/metabolism; Myocardium/*metabolism/pathology; Norepinephrine/metabolism; Potassium/metabolism; Regional Blood Flow | ||||
| Abstract | Studies were performed in the conscious pony instrumented with a Doppler flow probe and hydraulic occluder on the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), sonomicrometry crystals and intraventricular micromanometer in the left ventricle, and catheters in the left atrium and anterior interventricular vein. Two-minute LAD occlusions were performed every 30 min continuously or during working hours. Data on release of catabolites (potassium, hydrogen ions, and lactate) and norepinephrine from the initially dysfunctional region were obtained periodically during a regimen of 445 +/- 56 occlusions in six animals. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured (microsphere method) before and after an occlusion regimen in four animals. Marked release of catabolites and norepinephrine from the initially dysfunctional region was noted in association with early occlusions when myocardial segment function was severely reduced. With further occlusions, release of these substances decreased while segment function improved. Blood flow was markedly decreased in the initially dysfunctional region during an early occlusion but was at the control level during a later occlusion. Although the metabolic findings are consistent with protection due to “ischemic preconditioning” and no increase in collateral perfusion, the inverse relationship noted between catabolite release and segment function is best explained by flow-dependent mechanisms. These results, together with the myocardial blood flow data, serve to validate a previous assumption that protection against regional myocardial dysfunction under these conditions is due to increased collateral perfusion. | ||||
| Address | Department of Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65212 | ||||
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| ISSN | 0002-9513 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:1992786 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 98 | ||
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| Author | Palme, R. | ||||
| Title | Non-invasive measurement of glucocorticoids: Advances and problems | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2019 | Publication | Physiology & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Physiol. Behav. |
| Volume |
199 | Issue | Pages | 229-243 | |
| Keywords | Glucocorticoids; Non-invasive; Faecal cortisol/corticosterone metabolites; Immunoassays; Physiological/biological validation | ||||
| Abstract | Glucocorticoids (GCs; i.e. cortisol/corticosterone) are a central component of the stress response and thus their measurement is frequently used to evaluate the impact of stressful situations. Their metabolites from faeces of various animal species are more and more taken as a non-invasive aid to assess GC release and thus adrenocortical activity. The current literature review includes an extensive collection (1327 papers) and evaluation (see also Supplementary Tables) of the literature on faecal cortisol/corticosterone metabolite (FCM) analysis published to date. It aims at giving reference for researchers interested in implementing FCM analysis into their study or seeking to improve such methods by providing background knowledge on GC metabolism and excretion, conveying insights into methodological issues and stating caveats of FCM analysis and by highlighting prerequisites for and some examples of a successful application of such methods. Collecting faecal samples and analysing FCMs may appear simple and straightforward, but researchers have to select and apply methods correctly. They also need to be aware of the many pitfalls and potentially confounding factors and, last but not least, have to carefully interpret results. Applied properly, measurement of FCMs is a powerful non-invasive tool in a variety of research areas, such as (stress) biology, ethology, ecology, animal conservation and welfare, but also biomedicine. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0031-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Palme2019_attachment.pdf | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6517 | ||
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| Author | Alexander, F. | ||||
| Title | A study of parotid salivation in the horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1966 | Publication | The Journal of physiology | Abbreviated Journal | J Physiol |
| Volume |
184 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 646-656 |
| Keywords | Animals; Atropine/*pharmacology; Bicarbonates/metabolism; Calcium/metabolism; Chlorides/metabolism; Horses; Mastication/*physiology; Parotid Gland/*physiology; Pilocarpine/*pharmacology; Potassium/metabolism; Salivation/*drug effects; Sodium/metabolism; Tetracaine/*pharmacology | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0022-3751 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:5963737 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 119 | ||
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| Author | Rosenzweig, M.R. | ||||
| Title | Representations of the Two Ears at the Auditory Cortex | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1951 | Publication | American Journal of Physiology -- Legacy Content | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
167 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 147-158 |
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| Abstract | This investigation is part of a more general study of binaural perception and its electrophysiological correlates. In order to account for some of the phenomena of binaural perception, Boring (I) proposed that the two ears are represented at the auditory cortex by two different populations of cortical units. We have attempted to test this hypothesis, taking up two aspects in succession: I) Do the populations of cortical units that represent the two ears differ in size at the two cerebral hemispheres?S timulation of either ear evokes electrophysiological responseso ver the entire extent of the auditory cortex of both hemispheres. It has been suggestedt hat the responsesa re larger in amplitude at the hemisphere contralateral to the ear stimulated (2-4), but this has also been denied (5). We will present quantitative evidence to show that at both hemispheres the response of the contralateral ear is significantly larger than the response of the ipsilateral ear.3 2> Are the two ears represented by independent populations of cortical units, or are they represented by overlapping populations of cortical units? Results from a small number of experiments indicate that the two populations overlap considerably. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5359 | ||
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| Author | Leliveld, L.M.C.; Düpjan, S.; Tuchscherer, A.; Puppe, B. | ||||
| Title | Behavioural and physiological measures indicate subtle variations in the emotional valence of young pigs | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Physiology & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Physiol. Behav. |
| Volume |
157 | Issue | Pages | 116-124 | |
| Keywords | Emotion; Heart rate; Vocalisation; Emotional valence; Animal welfare; Domestic pig | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract In the study of animal emotions, emotional valence has been found to be difficult to measure. Many studies of farm animals' emotions have therefore focussed on the identification of indicators of strong, mainly negative, emotions. However, subtle variations in emotional valence, such as those caused by rather moderate differences in husbandry conditions, may also affect animals' mood and welfare when such variations occur consistently. In this study, we investigated whether repeated moderate aversive or rewarding events could lead to measurable differences in emotional valence in young, weaned pigs. We conditioned 105 female pigs in a test arena to either a repeated startling procedure (sudden noises or appearances of objects) or a repeated rewarding procedure (applesauce, toy and straw) over 11 sessions. Control pigs were also regularly exposed to the same test arena but without conditioning. Before and after conditioning, we measured heart rate and its variability as well as the behavioural reactions of the subjects in the test arena, with a special focus on detailed acoustic analyses of their vocalisations. The behavioural and heart rate measures were analysed as changes compared to the baseline values before conditioning. A limited number of the putative indicators of emotional valence were affected by the conditioning. We found that the negatively conditioned pigs showed changes that were significantly different from those in control pigs, namely a decrease in locomotion and an increase in standing. The positively conditioned pigs, however, showed a stronger increase in heart rate and a smaller decrease in SDNN (a heart rate variability parameter indicating changes in autonomic regulation) compared to the controls. Compared to the negatively conditioned pigs, the positively conditioned pigs produced fewer vocalisations overall as well as fewer low-frequency grunts but more high-frequency grunts. The low-frequency grunts of the negatively conditioned pigs also showed lower frequency parameters (bandwidth, maximum frequency, 25% and 50% quartiles) compared to those of the positively conditioned pigs. In any of the statistically significant results, the conditioning accounted for 1.5–11.9% of variability in the outcome variable. Hence, we conclude that repeated moderate aversive and rewarding events have weak but measurable effects on some aspects of behaviour and physiology in young pigs, possibly indicating changes in emotional valence, which could ultimately affect their welfare. The combination of ethophysiological indicators, i.e., the concurrent examination of heart rate measures, behavioural responses and especially vocalisation patterns, as used in the current study, might be a useful way of examining subtle effects on emotional valence in further studies. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0031-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6017 | ||
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| Author | Bigiani, A.; Mucignat-Caretta, C.; Montani, G.; Tirindelli, R. | ||||
| Title | Pheromone reception in mammals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
154 | Issue | Pages | 1-35 | |
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| Abstract | Pheromonal communication is the most convenient way to transfer information regarding gender and social status in animals of the same species with the holistic goal of sustaining reproduction. This type of information exchange is based on pheromones, molecules often chemically unrelated, that are contained in body fluids like urine, sweat, specialized exocrine glands, and mucous secretions of genitals. So profound is the relevance of pheromones over the evolutionary process that a specific peripheral organ devoted to their recognition, namely the vomeronasal organ of Jacobson, and a related central pathway arose in most vertebrate species. Although the vomeronasal system is well developed in reptiles and amphibians, most mammals strongly rely on pheromonal communication. Humans use pheromones too; evidence on the existence of a specialized organ for their detection, however, is very elusive indeed. In the present review, we will focus our attention on the behavioral, physiological, and molecular aspects of pheromone detection in mammals. We will discuss the responses to pheromonal stimulation in different animal species, emphasizing the complicacy of this type of communication. In the light of the most recent results, we will also discuss the complex organization of the transduction molecules that underlie pheromone detection and signal transmission from vomeronasal neurons to the higher centers of the brain. Communication is a primary feature of living organisms, allowing the coordination of different behavioral paradigms among individuals. Communication has evolved through a variety of different strategies, and each species refined its own preferred communication medium. From a phylogenetic point of view, the most widespread and ancient way of communication is through chemical signals named pheromones: it occurs in all taxa, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The release of specific pheromones into the environment is a sensitive and definite way to send messages to other members of the same species. Therefore, the action of an organism can alter the behavior of another organism, thereby increasing the fitness of either or both. Albeit slow in transmission and not easily modulated, pheromones can travel around objects in the dark and over long distances. In addition, they are emitted when necessary and their biosynthesis is usually economic. In essence, they represent the most efficient tool to refine the pattern of social behaviors and reproductive strategies. © Springer-Verlag 2005. | ||||
| Address | Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4570 | ||
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| Author | Partridge, B.L. | ||||
| Title | Internal dynamics and the interrelations of fish in schools | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1981 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Physiol Sensory Neural Behav Physiol |
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144 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 313-325 |
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| Abstract | The three-dimensional structure of schools of saithe (Pollachius virens) and the interactions between individuals over time were analyzed in 12,240 frames of videotape sampled at 2.7 Hz. Time series analyses of the interactions between identified individuals allowed testing of assumptions of anonymity vs. leadership in schools and investigation of the transfer of information between individuals by which collective decisions are made. Results include the following:1.Saithe match changes in both swimming direction and speed of their neighbors but correlations are greater for swimming speed. Average speed of the school does not greatly affect correlations between neighboring fish although the reaction latencies may be somewhat increased. As shown previously (Partridge et al. 1980) nearest neighbor distance (NND) decreases with increasing school velocity.2.Saithe simultaneously match the headings and swimming speeds of at least their first two nearest neighbors within the school (NN1 and NN2). Partialling out the correlation between a fish's neighbors demonstrates that a fish's correlation to his second nearest neighbor (NN2) is not simply a transitive function of mutual correlation between the NN1 and NN2.3.Several sources of individual variation in schooling performance were examined. In all respects except one, that of preferred positions within the school, saithe showed no individual differences, i.e., some were not “better schoolers” than others. Although fish in the school differed in length by up to a factor of 2.5, no size related effects in NND or nearest neighbor positioning were found.4.Single Linkage Cluster Analysis (SLCA) of the cross-correlations of fishs' swimming speeds and directions demonstrated quantitatively the existence of subgroups within schools if they contain more than 10-11 members. Subgroups acting more-or-less independently in terms of short term variations in speed and direction nonetheless remained within the school as a whole and were not often apparent to observers since members of one group interdigitated with those of another. How individuals know to which subgroup they belong remains unanswered. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 2063 | |||
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| Author | Yarnell, K.; Hall, C.; Royle, C.; Walker, S.L. | ||||
| Title | Domesticated horses differ in their behavioural and physiological responses to isolated and group housing | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Physiology & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Physiol.Behav. |
| Volume |
143 | Issue | Pages | 51-57 | |
| Keywords | Equine; Behaviour; Corticosterone; Housing | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract The predominant housing system used for domestic horses is individual stabling; however, housing that limits social interaction and requires the horse to live in semi-isolation has been reported to be a concern for equine welfare. The aim of the current study was to compare behavioural and physiological responses of domestic horses in different types of housing design that provided varying levels of social contact. Horses (n = 16) were divided equally into four groups and exposed to each of four housing treatments for a period of five days per treatment in a randomized block design. The four housing treatments used were single housed no physical contact (SHNC), single housed semi-contact (SHSC), paired housed full contact (PHFC) and group housed full contact (GHFC). During each housing treatment, adrenal activity was recorded using non-invasive faecal corticosterone metabolite analysis (fGC). Thermal images of the eye were captured and eye temperature was assessed as a non-invasive measure of the stress response. Behavioural analysis of time budget was carried out and an ease of handling score was assigned to each horse in each treatment using video footage. SHNC horses had significantly higher (p = 0.01) concentrations of fGC and were significantly (p = 0.003) more difficult to handle compared to the other housing types. GHFC horses, although not significantly different, had numerically lower concentrations of fGC and were more compliant to handling when compared to all other housing treatments. Eye temperature was significantly (p = 0.0001) lower in the group housed treatment when compared to all other treatments. These results indicate that based on physiological and behavioural measures incorporating social contact into the housing design of domestic horses could improve the standard of domestic equine welfare. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0031-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5920 | ||
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| Author | Piccione, G.; Caola, G.; Refinetti, R. | ||||
| Title | Temporal relationships of 21 physiological variables in horse and sheep | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology | Abbreviated Journal | Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol |
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142 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 389-396 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Blood Glucose/physiology; Body Temperature/*physiology; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology; Female; Horses/*physiology; Melatonin/blood/*physiology; Motor Activity/*physiology; Rectum/physiology; Sheep/*physiology; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | Daily or circadian oscillation has been documented in a variety of physiological and behavioral processes. Although individual variables have been studied in great detail, very few studies have been conducted on the temporal relationships between the rhythms of different variables. It is not known whether the circadian pacemaker generates each and every rhythm individually or whether most rhythms are simply derived from a few clock-controlled rhythms. As a first step in elucidating this issue, 21 physiological variables were recorded simultaneously in horse and sheep. The results indicated that, in both species, different variables exhibit different degrees of daily rhythmicity and reach their daily peaks at different times of the day. The variables exhibiting strongest rhythmicity were locomotor activity, rectal temperature, and plasma concentrations of melatonin and glucose. Comparison of rhythmicity and acrophase in the various rhythms allowed inferences to be made about mechanisms of causation. | ||||
| Address | Dipartimento di Morfologia, Biochimica, Fisiologia e Produzioni Animali, Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy | ||||
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| ISSN | 1095-6433 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16290083 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1884 | |||
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| Author | Wolter, R.; Pantel, N.; Stefanski, V.; Möstl, E.; Krueger, K. | ||||
| Title | The role of an alpha animal in changing environmental conditions | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Physiology & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Physiol. Behav. |
| Volume |
133 | Issue | Pages | 236-243 | |
| Keywords | Alpha male; Horse; Equus ferus przewalskii; Bachelor group; Group structure | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract The maintenance and development of conservation areas by grazing of large herbivores, such as Przewalski's horses, is common practice. Several nature conservation areas house male bachelor groups of this species. When males are needed for breeding they are removed from the groups, often without considering group compositions and individual social positions. However, alpha animals are needed for ensuring group stability and decision making in potentially dangerous situations in several species. To investigate the role of the alpha male in a bachelor group, we observed the behaviour of five Przewalski's horse males during the enlargement of their enclosure. We analyzed the group's social structure and movement orders, as well as the animals' connectedness, activity budgets, and whether they moved with preferred group members and how factors such as social rank influenced the horses' behaviour. We also investigated the excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM) via faeces of the horses while exploring a new area as a parameter of glucocorticoid production. Our results show that the alpha male is important for a bachelor group in changing environmental conditions. The alpha male had the highest level of connectedness within the group. When exploring the new environment, its position in the group changed from previously being the last to being the first. Furthermore the whole group behaviour changed when exploring the new area. The stallions showed reduced resting behavior, increased feeding and did not stay close to each other. We found that the excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites of most horses rose only marginally during the first days on the new area while only the alpha male showed a significant increased amount of glucocorticoid production during the first day of the enclosure enlargement. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0031-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5818 | ||
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