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Author Laland, K. N.; Richerson, P. J.; Boyd, R.
Title Developing a theory of animal social learning. Type Book Chapter
Year 1996 Publication Social learning in animals: the roots of culture. Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) Issue Pages 129-154
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Publisher Academic Press Place of Publication San Diego, California Editor Heyes, C. M.;Galef,B. G. J.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ home Serial 4093
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Author Reader, S.M.; Laland, K.N.
Title Animal Innovation Type Book Whole
Year 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) Issue Pages
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Publisher Oxford University Press Place of Publication Oxford Editor
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ISSN ISBN 978-0-19-852622 Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6381
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Author Reader, S. M.; Laland, K.N.
Title Animal Innovation Type Book Whole
Year 2003 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) Issue Pages
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Publisher Oxford University Press Place of Publication Oxford Editor
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6531
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Author Laland, K. N.; van Bergen, Y
Title Experimental studies of innovation in the guppy Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Animal Innovation Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) Issue Pages 155-174
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Publisher Oxford University Press Place of Publication Ox Editor S. M. Reader and K. N. Laland
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6537
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Author Whalen, A.; Cownden, D.; Laland, K.
Title The learning of action sequences through social transmission Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.
Volume (up) 18 Issue 5 Pages 1093-1103
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Abstract Previous empirical work on animal social learning has found that many species lack the ability to learn entire action sequences solely through reliance on social information. Conversely, acquiring action sequences through asocial learning can be difficult due to the large number of potential sequences arising from even a small number of base actions. In spite of this, several studies report that some primates use action sequences in the wild. We investigate how social information can be integrated with asocial learning to facilitate the learning of action sequences. We formalize this problem by examining how learners using temporal difference learning, a widely applicable model of reinforcement learning, can combine social cues with their own experiences to acquire action sequences. The learning problem is modeled as a Markov decision process. The learning of nettle processing by mountain gorillas serves as a focal example. Through simulations, we find that the social facilitation of component actions can combine with individual learning to facilitate the acquisition of action sequences. Our analysis illustrates that how even simple forms of social learning, combined with asocial learning, generate substantially faster learning of action sequences compared to asocial processes alone, and that the benefits of social information increase with the length of the action sequence and the number of base actions.
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ISSN 1435-9456 ISBN Medium
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Whalen2015 Serial 6192
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Author Reader, S.; Laland, K.
Title Primate Innovation: Sex, Age and Social Rank Differences Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.
Volume (up) 22 Issue 5 Pages 787-805
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Abstract Analysis of an exhaustive survey of primate behavior collated from the published literature revealed significant variation in rates of innovation among individuals of different sex, age and social rank. We searched approximately 1,000 articles in four primatology journals, together with other relevant databases, for examples of innovation. The reported incidence of innovation is higher in males and adults, and lower in females and nonadults, than would be expected by chance given the estimated relative proportions of these groups. Amongst chimpanzees, the only species for which there are sufficient data to consider alone, there is a similar sex difference in the propensity to innovate, but no effect of age. Chimpanzees of low social rank are reported as innovators more frequently than high-ranking chimpanzees are. Male chimpanzees innovate more often than females in sexual, courtship, mating and display contexts; that is, in contexts likely to increase access to mates. The largest number of recorded observations are in the foraging context, wherein contrary to expectations, there is no evidence for female chimpanzees exhibiting more innovation than males. The study is the first extensive investigation of behavioral innovation in primates and provides evidence that much individual variation in the propensity to innovate can be explained in terms of sex, age, and social rank.
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Call Number Serial 2152
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Author Hoppitt, W.; Laland, K.N.
Title Social processes influencing learning in animals: a review of the evidence Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Adv Study Behav Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) 38 Issue Pages 105-165
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Hoppitt2008 Serial 6260
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Author Galef, B.G.; Laland, K.N.
Title Social Learning in Animals: Empirical Studies and Theoretical Models Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication BioScience Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) 55 Issue 6 Pages 489-499
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Abstract AbstractThe last two decades have seen a virtual explosion in empirical research on the role of social interactions in the development of animals' behavioral repertoires, and a similar increase in attention to formal models of social learning. Here we first review recent empirical evidence of social influences on food choice, tool use, patterns of movement, predator avoidance, mate choice, and courtship, and then consider formal models of when animals choose to copy behavior, and which other animals' behavior they copy, together with empirical tests of predictions from those models.
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ISSN 0006-3568 ISBN Medium
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Notes 10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0489:Sliaes]2.0.Co;2 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6398
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Author Laland, K.N.; Reader, S.M.
Title Foraging innovation in the guppy Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume (up) 57 Issue 2 Pages 331-340
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Abstract When novel behaviour patterns spread through animal populations, typically one animal will initiate the diffusion. It is not known whether such 'innovators' are particularly creative individuals, individuals exposed to the appropriate environmental contingencies, or individuals in a particular motivational state. We describe three experiments that investigated the factors influencing foraging innovation in the guppy Poecilia reticulata. We exposed small laboratory populations of fish to novel foraging tasks, which involved exploration and problem solving to locate a novel food source. Experiments 1 and 2 found that (1) females were more likely to innovate than males, (2) food-deprived fish were more likely to innovate than nonfood-deprived subjects, and (3) smaller fish were more likely to innovate than larger fish. We suggest that the sex difference may reflect parental investment asymmetries in males and females. Experiment 3 found that past innovators were more likely to innovate than past noninnovators. Collectively, the results suggest that differences in foraging innovation in guppies are best accounted for by differences in motivational state, but, in addition, guppies may vary in their predisposition to innovate. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Address Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:10049472 Approved no
Call Number Serial 2151
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Author Reader, S.M.; Laland, K.N.
Title Diffusion of foraging innovations in the guppy Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume (up) 60 Issue 2 Pages 175-180
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Abstract The way in which novel learned behaviour patterns spread through animal populations remains poorly understood, despite extensive field research and the recognition that such processes play an important role in the behavioural development, social interactions and evolution of many animal species. We conducted a series of controlled diffusions of foraging information in replicate experimental populations of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. We presented novel foraging tasks over 15 trials to mixed-sex groups, made up of food-deprived and nonfood-deprived adults (experiment 1) or small, young fish and old, large adults (experiment 2). In these diffusions, knowledge of a route to a feeder could spread through the group by subjects learning from others, discovering the route for themselves, or, most likely, by some combination of these social and asocial learning processes. We found a striking sex difference, with novel foraging information spreading at a significantly faster rate through subgroups of females than of males. Females both discovered the goal and learned the route more quickly than males. Food-deprived individuals were faster at completing the tasks over the 15 trials than nonfood-deprived guppies, and there was a significant interaction between sex and size, with a sex difference in adults but not young individuals. There was also an interaction between sex and hunger level, with food deprivation having a stronger effect on male than female performance. We suggest that information may diffuse in a similar nonrandom or 'directed' manner through many natural populations of animals. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Address Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:10973718 Approved no
Call Number Serial 2150
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