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Author |
Allman, J.M. |
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Title |
Evolving brains. |
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Year |
2000 |
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Evolving brains |
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How did the human brain with all its manifold capacities evolve from basic functions in simple organisms that lived nearly a billion years ago? John Allman addresses this question in Evolving Brains, a provocative study of brain evolution that introduces readers to some of the most exciting developments in science in recent years. |
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Scientific American Library |
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New York |
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978-0716760382 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5460 |
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Author |
Garber, P.; Boinski, S. |
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Title |
Group Movement in Social Primates and Other Animals: Patterns, Processes, and Cognitive Implications. |
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2000 |
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University of Chicago Press |
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Chicago |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5466 |
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Author |
Merl, S.; Scherzer, S.; Palme, R.; Möstl, E. |
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Title |
Pain causes increased concentrations of glucocorticoid metabolites in horse feces |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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J Equine Vet Sci |
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20 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
586-590 |
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The concentration of 11,17-dioxoandrostanes (11,17-DOA), a group of cortisol metabolites, was measured using enzyme immunoassay in fecal samples of horses experiencing painful episodes. One group of horses consisted of 10 stallions castrated (samples were collected daily for 10 days); the other group was made up of 29 horses which were brought to an animal hospital because of signs of colic (samples were collected twice daily for six days). Before castration, median concentrations of 10.5 nmol/kg feces were measured. On days 1 and 2 after castration, median 11,17-DOA values increased up to 26.2 and 50.0 nmol/kg feces, respectively, and decreased thereafter to levels lower than at the beginning of the sampling period. High variations were measured between individual cases of colic. In animals with colic, all horses excreted more than 33 nmol 11,17-DOA/kg feces for various periods. The highest concentration measured was 885 nmol/kg feces. One animal out of the 29 colic horses did not show any clinical signs of pain upon arrival in the hospital. The 11,17-DOA values were below 17 nmol/kg feces in all those samples. From this data we conclude, that the concentration of 11,17-DOA in feces is a parameter for painful situations that have occurred one or two days earlier. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6047 |
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Author |
Foster, K.R.; Ratnieks, F.L.W. |
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Title |
Social insects: Facultative worker policing in a wasp |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
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Nature |
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407 |
Issue |
6805 |
Pages |
692-693 |
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Kin-selection theory predicts that in social-insect colonies where the queen has mated multiple times, the workers will enforce cooperation by policing each other's reproduction1, 2, 3, 4. We have discovered a species, the wasp Dolichovespula saxonica, in which some queens mate once and others mate many times, and in which workers frequently attempt reproduction, allowing this prediction to be tested directly. We find that multiple mating by the queen leads to mutual policing by workers, whereas single mating does not. |
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Macmillan Magazines Ltd. |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/35037665 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4940 |
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Sapolsky, R.M.; Romero, L.M.; Munck, A.U. |
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Title |
How Do Glucocorticoids Influence Stress Responses? Integrating Permissive, Suppressive, Stimulatory, and Preparative Actions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Endocr Rev |
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21 |
Issue |
1 |
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55-89 |
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The secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) is a classic endocrine response to stress. Despite that, it remains controversial as to what purpose GCs serve at such times. One view, stretching back to the time of Hans Selye, posits that GCs help mediate the ongoing or pending stress response, either via basal levels of GCs permitting other facets of the stress response to emerge efficaciously, and/or by stress levels of GCs actively stimulating the stress response. In contrast, a revisionist viewpoint posits that GCs suppress the stress response, preventing it from being pathologically overactivated. In this review, we consider recent findings regarding GC action and, based on them, generate criteria for determining whether a particular GC action permits, stimulates, or suppresses an ongoing stress-response or, as an additional category, is preparative for a subsequent stressor. We apply these GC actions to the realms of cardiovascular function, fluid volume and hemorrhage, immunity and inflammation, metabolism, neurobiology, and reproductive physiology. We find that GC actions fall into markedly different categories, depending on the physiological endpoint in question, with evidence for mediating effects in some cases, and suppressive or preparative in others. We then attempt to assimilate these heterogeneous GC actions into a physiological whole. |
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10.1210/er.21.1.55 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4070 |
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Author |
Bickerton, D. |
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Title |
Resolving Discontinuity: A Minimalist Distinction between Human and Non-human Minds |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
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Integr. Comp. Biol. |
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Volume |
40 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
862-873 |
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Our genotype is so similar to those of the African apes, and our last common ancestor with them so recent, that it seems impossible that human and non-human cognition should differ qualitatively. But the outputs of human cognition are unique in their limitless creativity and adaptability. Exaption resolves the apparent paradox. Assume that the power to create symbols emerges from stimulus-stimulus linkages and is latent in many animals, and that the structural side of language emerges from the argument structures inherent in the social calculus associated with reciprocal altruism. These adaptations confer the potential for language. However, creating complex messages requires uniquely long-lasting coherence of neural signals, which depends in turn on the large quantities of neurons unique to Homo. The only difference between human and non-human minds is that we can sustain longer and more complex trains of thought. All else (emotions, rational processes, even consciousness) could be exactly the same. |
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10.1093/icb/40.6.862 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2966 |
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Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
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Title |
Social Awareness in Monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
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Amer. Zool. |
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40 |
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6 |
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902-909 |
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Tests of self-awareness in nonhuman primates have to date been concerned almost entirely with the recognition of an animal's reflection in a mirror. By contrast, we know much less about non-human primates' perception of their place within a social network, or of their understanding of themselves as individuals with unique sets of social relationships. Here we review evidence that monkeys who fail the mirror test may nonetheless behave as if they recognize themselves as distinct individuals, each of whom occupies a unique place in society and has a specific set of relations with others. A free-ranging vervet monkey, baboon, or macaque recognizes other members of his group as individuals. He also recognizes matrilineal kin groups, linear dominance rank orders, and behaves as if he recognizes his own unique place within them. This sense of “social self” in monkeys, however, is markedly different from self-awareness in humans. Although monkeys may behave in ways that accurately place themselves within a social network, they are unaware of the knowledge that allows them to do so: they do not know what they know, cannot reflect on what they know, and cannot become the object of their own attention. |
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10.1093/icb/40.6.902 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4934 |
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Author |
Olesen, I.; Groen, A.F.; Gjerde, B. |
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Title |
Definition of animal breeding goals for sustainable production systems |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
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J. Anim Sci. |
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78 |
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3 |
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570-582 |
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N1 - |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2934 |
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Lanier, J.L.; Grandin, T.; Green, R.D.; Avery, D.; McGee, K. |
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The relationship between reaction to sudden, intermittent movements and sounds and temperament |
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2000 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
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J. Anim Sci. |
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78 |
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6 |
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1467-1474 |
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N1 - |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2945 |
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Sprigge, T.L.S. |
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Darwinian Dominion: Animal Welfare and Human Interests: Lewis Petrinovich, Cambridge, Mass, London, England, MIT Press, 1999, ix + 431 pages, {pound}31.50 (hc) |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
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J. Med. Ethics |
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26 |
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5 |
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412- |
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10.1136/jme.26.5.412 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2958 |
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