| Records |
| Author |
Dunbar, Robin I. M. |
| Title |
The social brain hypothesis |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Anthropol. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
178-190 |
| Keywords |
brain size – neocortex – social brain hypothesis – social skills – mind reading – primates |
| Abstract |
Conventional wisdom over the past 160 years in the cognitive and neurosciences has assumed that brains evolved to process factual information about the world. Most attention has therefore been focused on such features as pattern recognition, color vision, and speech perception. By extension, it was assumed that brains evolved to deal with essentially ecological problem-solving tasks. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Robin Dunbar is Professor of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioural Ecology at the University of Liverpool, England. His research primarily focuses on the behavioral ecology of ungulates and human and nonhuman primates, and on the cognitive mechanisms and brain components that underpin the decisions that animals make. He runs a large research group, with graduate students working on many different species on four continents. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4371 |
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| Author |
Bergstrom, C.T.; Lachmann, M. |
| Title |
Signaling among relatives. III. Talk is cheap |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume |
95 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
5100-5105 |
| Keywords |
Animal Communication; Animals; Costs and Cost Analysis; *Evolution; Interpersonal Relations; Models, Biological |
| Abstract |
The Sir Philip Sidney game has been used by numerous authors to show how signal cost can facilitate honest signaling among relatives. Here, we demonstrate that, in this game, honest cost-free signals are possible as well, under very general conditions. Moreover, these cost-free signals are better for all participants than the previously explored alternatives. Recent empirical evidence suggests that begging is energetically inexpensive for nestling birds; this finding led some researchers to question the applicability of the costly signaling framework to nestling begging. Our results show that cost-free or inexpensive signals, as observed empirically, fall within the framework of signaling theory. |
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Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. carl@charles.stanford.edu |
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English |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:9560235 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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561 |
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Brannon, E.M.; Terrace, H.S. |
| Title |
Ordering of the numerosities 1 to 9 by monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
282 |
Issue |
5389 |
Pages |
746-749 |
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Animals; *Discrimination (Psychology); Macaca mulatta/*psychology; *Mathematics; *Mental Processes |
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A fundamental question in cognitive science is whether animals can represent numerosity (a property of a stimulus that is defined by the number of discriminable elements it contains) and use numerical representations computationally. Here, it was shown that rhesus monkeys represent the numerosity of visual stimuli and detect their ordinal disparity. Two monkeys were first trained to respond to exemplars of the numerosities 1 to 4 in an ascending numerical order (1 --> 2 --> 3 --> 4). As a control for non-numerical cues, exemplars were varied with respect to size, shape, and color. The monkeys were later tested, without reward, on their ability to order stimulus pairs composed of the novel numerosities 5 to 9. Both monkeys responded in an ascending order to the novel numerosities. These results show that rhesus monkeys represent the numerosities 1 to 9 on an ordinal scale. |
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Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. liz@psych.columbia.edu |
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0036-8075 |
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PMID:9784133 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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606 |
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| Author |
Schooening, B. |
| Title |
Ethology of the horse |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Praktische Tierarzt |
Abbreviated Journal |
Prakt. Tierarzt |
| Volume |
79 |
Issue |
6 Suppl. |
Pages |
25-28 |
| Keywords |
Dominance; Ethology; Horse; Propedeutics |
| Abstract |
The paper starts with a short introduction/definition about ethology and the used methods in this scientific field, giving special examples for horses and about how their “normal behaviour” is measured. The behaviour repertoire of horses is described in a brief outline with special emphasis on their social systems and hierarchies and the problem of dominance, especially in interaction with humans. Schlütersche GmbH & Co. KG, Verlag und Druckerei. |
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Saselbergweg 32, 22395 Hamburg, Germany |
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0032681x (Issn) |
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Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 21 April 2007; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: German; Correspondence Address: Schoßning, B.Saselbergweg 32 22395 Hamburg, Germany; email: Dr.B.Schoening@t-online.de |
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refbase @ user @ |
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789 |
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Cooper, J.J. |
| Title |
Comparative learning theory and its application in the training of horses |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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27 |
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39-43 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); Horses/*psychology; *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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Training can best be explained as a process that occurs through stimulus-response-reinforcement chains, whereby animals are conditioned to associate cues in their environment, with specific behavioural responses and their rewarding consequences. Research into learning in horses has concentrated on their powers of discrimination and on primary positive reinforcement schedules, where the correct response is paired with a desirable consequence such as food. In contrast, a number of other learning processes that are used in training have been widely studied in other species, but have received little scientific investigation in the horse. These include: negative reinforcement, where performance of the correct response is followed by removal of, or decrease in, intensity of a unpleasant stimulus; punishment, where an incorrect response is paired with an undesirable consequence, but without consistent prior warning; secondary conditioning, where a natural primary reinforcer such as food is closely associated with an arbitrary secondary reinforcer such as vocal praise; and variable or partial conditioning, where once the correct response has been learnt, reinforcement is presented according to an intermittent schedule to increase resistance to extinction outside of training. |
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Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK |
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PMID:10485003 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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846 |
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| Author |
Schnitzer, U. |
| Title |
Grundsätze der Gymnastizierung des Reitpferdes |
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1998 |
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16 |
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Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @ |
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1064 |
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Bürger, U. |
| Title |
The Way to perfect Horsemanship |
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1998 |
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254 |
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The Way to Perfect Horsemanship is an outstanding work in the vast literature devoted to horsemanship. It provides, for the first time, a clear insight into the psychological makeup of the horse, its muscular system, the mechanics of its movement, and the aids to human-to-horse communication. Udo Burger presents his philosophy of riding in a scientific manner, asserting that no one can no more learn to ride without a knowledge of horse physiology and psychology than one can learn the art of medecine without a background in health and disease. He clearly explains what one should feel and do on horseback--ultimately, as if one is part of the horse, completely united with it in all of its movements. Anyone with a genuine empathy for horses--wether teacher, trainer, competitor, or occasional rider--will benefit enormously from reading this classic work on horsemanship. The late Udo Burger was an accomplished horseman and one of Germany's most esteemed equine veterinarians. |
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Trafalgar Square Publishing |
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978-1570761294 |
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1st English cased ed edition (October 1, 1998) |
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Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @ |
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1594 |
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Bouman, I. |
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The reintroduction of Przewalski horses in the Hustain Nuruu Mountain Forest Steppe Reserve in Mongolia |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
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Mededelingen: Netherlands Commission for International Nature Protection |
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32 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2241 |
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Carpenter, M.; Nagell, K.; Tomasello, M.; Butterworth, G.; Moore, C. |
| Title |
Social Cognition, Joint Attention, and Communicative Competence from 9 to 15 Months of Age |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development |
Abbreviated Journal |
Monogr Soc Res Child Dev |
| Volume |
63 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1-174 |
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At around 1 year of age, human infants display a number of new behaviors that seem to indicate a newly emerging understanding of other persons as intentional beings whose attention to outside objects may be shared, followed into, and directed in various ways. These behaviors have mostly been studied separately. In the current study, we investigated the most important of these behaviors together as they emerged in a single group of 24 infants between 9 and 15 months of age. At each of seven monthly visits, we measured joint attentional engagement, gaze and point following, imitation of two different kinds of actions on objects, imperative and declarative gestures, and comprehension and production of language. We also measured several nonsocial-cognitive skills as a point of comparison. We report two studies. The focus of the first study was the initial emergence of infants' social-cognitive skills and how these skills are related to one another developmentally. We found a reliable pattern of emergence: Infants progressed from sharing to following to directing others' attention and behavior. The nonsocial skills did not emerge predictably in this developmental sequence. Furthermore, correlational analyses showed that the ages of emergence of all pairs of the social-cognitive skills or their components were interrelated. The focus of the second study was the social interaction of infants and their mothers, especially with regard to their skills of joint attentional engagement (including mothers' use of language to follow into or direct infants' attention) and how these skills related to infants' early communicative competence. Our measures of communicative competence included not only language production, as in previous studies, but also language comprehension and gesture production. It was found that two measures-the amount of time infants spent in joint engagement with their mothers and the degree to which mothers used language that followed into their infant's focus of attention-predicted infants' earliest skills of gestural and linguistic communication. Results of the two studies are discussed in terms of their implications for theories of social-cognitive development, for theories of language development, and for theories of the process by means of which human children become fully participating members of the cultural activities and processes into which they are born. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3997 |
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Müller-Wohlfahrt, H.W.; Kübler,U.; Müller- Wohlfahrt, H. W. |
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Hundert Prozent fit und gesund. Das Geheimnis des gesunden Menschen. |
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1998 |
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Heyne |
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München |
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German |
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9783453132733 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4446 |
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