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Author |
Boissy, A. |
Title |
Fear and Fearfulness in Animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1995 |
Publication |
The Quarterly Review of Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
The Quarterly Review of Biology |
Volume |
70 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
165-191 |
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Abstract |
Persistence of individual differences in animal behavior in reactions to various environmental challenges could reflect basic divergences in temperament, which might be used to predict details of adaptive response. Although studies have been carried out on fear and anxiety in various species, including laboratory, domestic and wild animals, no consistent definition of fearfulness as a basic trait of temperament has emerged. After a classification of the events that may produce a state of fear, this article describes the great variability in behavior and in physiological patterns generally associated with emotional reactivity. The difficulties of proposing fearfulness-the general capacity to react to a variety of potentially threatening situations-as a valid basic internal variable are then discussed. Although there are many studies showing covariation among the psychobiological responses to different environmental challenges, other studies find no such correlations and raise doubts about the interpretation of fearfulness as a basic personality trait. After a critical assessment of methodologies used in fear and anxiety studies, it is suggested that discrepancies among results are mainly due to the modulation of emotional responses in animals, which depend on numerous genetic and epigenetic factors. It is difficult to compare results obtained by different methods from animals reared under various conditions and with different genetic origins. The concept of fearfulness as an inner trait is best supported by two kinds of investigations. First, an experimental approach combining ethology and experimental psychology produces undeniable indicators of emotional reactivity. Second, genetic lines selected for psychobiological traits prove useful in establishing between behavioral and neuroendocrine aspects of emotional reactivity. It is suggested that fearfulness could be considered a basic feature of the temperament of each individual, one that predisposes it to respond similarly to a variety of potentially alarming challenges, but is nevertheless continually modulated during development by the interaction of genetic traits of reactivity with environmental factors, particularly in the juvenile period. Such interaction may explain much of the interindividual variability observed in adaptive responses. |
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The University of Chicago Press |
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0033-5770 |
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doi: 10.1086/418981 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6664 |
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Author |
Shmidt Mech, L.D. |
Title |
Wolf pack size and food acquisition |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1997 |
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Am Nat |
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150 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Shmidt Mech1997 |
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6482 |
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Author |
Richards, D.G.; Wiley, R.H. |
Title |
Reverberations and Amplitude Fluctuations in the Propagation of Sound in a Forest: Implications for Animal Communication |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2008 |
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Am Nat |
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115 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Richards2008 |
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6485 |
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Author |
Gazzola, A.; Avanzinelli, E.; Mauri, L.; Scandura, M.; Apollonio, M. |
Title |
Temporal changes of howling in south European wolf packs |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
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Ital J Zool |
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69 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Gazzola2002 |
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6495 |
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Author |
Steinhoff-Wagner, J. |
Title |
Coat Clipping of Horses: A Survey |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science |
Volume |
22 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
171-187 |
Keywords |
Equine, thermoregulation, shaving, winter pelage removal |
Abstract |
Coat clipping is a common practice in sport horses; however, timing, purpose, technique, and clips vary widely, as do the management and feeding of a clipped horse. The aim of this study was to collect data regarding common clipping practices. A questionnaire was published online in Germany and contained 32 questions. Four hundred ninety-eight people answered at least one question, and 373 individuals (7% male, 93% female; ages 14–59 years) completed all the questions. Clipped horses were predominantly used as sport horses (68%), and they were either clipped immediately before or during the winter season (88%) or year-round (7%). The clipping date was scheduled according to hair length (52%), sweat amount (47%), and drying time (47%). Participants primarily used two clips: the hunter clip and the blanket clip, both without clipping the head (23% each). The majority of the clipped horses wore a blanket day and night (> 90%). Future studies with observations in the field are needed to support survey data in an effort to develop welfare recommendations for clipping practices utilized with horses. |
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Routledge |
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1088-8705 |
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doi: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1454319 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6613 |
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Author |
Sueur, J.; Aubin, T.; Simonis, C. |
Title |
Seewave: a free modular tool for sound analysis and synthesis |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Bioacoustics |
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18 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Sueur2008 |
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6490 |
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Author |
Harrington, F.H. |
Title |
Chorus howling by wolves: Acoustic structures, pack size and Beau Geste effect |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
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Bioacoustics |
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2 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Harrington1989 |
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6463 |
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Meriggi, A.; Dagradi, V.; Dondina, O.; Perversi, M.; Milanesi, P.; Lombardini, M.; Raviglione, S.; Repossi, A. |
Title |
Short-term responses of wolf feeding habits to changes of wild and domestic ungulate abundance in Northern Italy |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Ethology Ecology & Evolution |
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Ethology Ecology & Evolution |
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27 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
389-411 |
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Taylor & Francis |
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0394-9370 |
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doi: 10.1080/03949370.2014.986768 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6688 |
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Zaccaroni, M.; Passilongo, D.; Buccianti, A.; Dessi-Fulgheri, F.; Facchini, C.; Gazzola, A. |
Title |
Group specific vocal signature in free- ranging wolf packs |
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2012 |
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Ethol Ecol Evol |
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24 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Zaccaroni2012 |
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6470 |
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Author |
Dunbar, R.I.M. |
Title |
The social brain hypothesis and its implications for social evolution |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2009 |
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Annals of Human Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Annals of Human Biology |
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36 |
Issue |
5 |
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562-572 |
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The social brain hypothesis was proposed as an explanation for the fact that primates have unusually large brains for body size compared to all other vertebrates: Primates evolved large brains to manage their unusually complex social systems. Although this proposal has been generalized to all vertebrate taxa as an explanation for brain evolution, recent analyses suggest that the social brain hypothesis takes a very different form in other mammals and birds than it does in anthropoid primates. In primates, there is a quantitative relationship between brain size and social group size (group size is a monotonic function of brain size), presumably because the cognitive demands of sociality place a constraint on the number of individuals that can be maintained in a coherent group. In other mammals and birds, the relationship is a qualitative one: Large brains are associated with categorical differences in mating system, with species that have pairbonded mating systems having the largest brains. It seems that anthropoid primates may have generalized the bonding processes that characterize monogamous pairbonds to other non-reproductive relationships (?friendships?), thereby giving rise to the quantitative relationship between group size and brain size that we find in this taxon. This raises issues about why bonded relationships are cognitively so demanding (and, indeed, raises questions about what a bonded relationship actually is), and when and why primates undertook this change in social style. |
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Taylor & Francis |
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0301-4460 |
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doi: 10.1080/03014460902960289 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6546 |
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