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Author | Leiner, L. | ||||
Title | Vergleich verschiedener Methoden zur Angstextinktion bei Pferden | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Abstract | Pferde sind Fluchttiere. Ihr Fluchtinstinkt bewirkt, dass sie sich leicht erschrecken und auch in diversen Situationen mit Flucht reagieren. Diese Tatsache ist den meisten Reitern bekannt, nur ist es für den Menschen teilweise schwer, mit dieser Eigenschaft auszukommen und sie zu verstehen oder gar nachzuvollziehen. So kommt es häufig zu Unfällen, die aus der Angst der Pferde resultieren, jedoch vermeidbar gewesen wären, hätte man ankündigende Signale früher erkannt. Des Weiteren kann die Angst eines Pferdes auch durch eine (Ver-) Weigerung, bestimmte Dinge zu tun, sichtbar werden. Diese Weigerung wird in der Reiterei gerne als „Bockigkeit“ und „Ungehorsam“ des Pferdes interpretiert und führt nicht selten zu einer Bestrafung. Insgesamt kann man sagen, dass angstauslösende Reize und die Reaktionen des Pferdes darauf oft falsch eingeschätzt oder falsch interpretiert werden und in der Folge auch falsch damit umgegangen wird. Ein Grund dafür ist sicher das fehlende Wissen über das Verhalten des Pferdes. Mit der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit soll ein Beitrag geleistet werden, das Pferd in seinem Angstverhalten besser zu verstehen. Ziel der Arbeit war es, das Verhalten des Pferdes bei verschiedenen Intensitäten von Angst zu untersuchen. Des Weiteren wurden Methoden untersucht, mit denen man die Angst von Pferden vor bestimmten Reizen und Situationen potentiell lindern kann, was letztendlich auch der Unfallvorbeugung dient. Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit wurde am Haupt- und Landesgestüt Marbach durchgeführt; 24 Junghengste standen hierfür zur Verfügung. Darunter waren 18 Deutsche Warmblüter, 3 Vollblutaraber und 3 Schwarzwälder Füchse (Kaltblüter), somit war auch ein Rassenvergleich möglich. In einem ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde untersucht, wie sich Angst bei Pferden äußert. Hierfür wurde ausgenutzt, dass Pferde ganz generell vor unbekannten, neuen Gegenständen Angst haben (= Neophobie). Zur Angstauslösung dienten als Konfrontationsgegenstände ein Sonnenschirm und eine Plastikplane. Beide Gegenstände waren für die Testpferde unbekannt. Das Verhalten sowie die Herzrate der Tiere wurden während aller Versuche beobachtet und quantifiziert. Nacheiner ersten Konfrontation wurden die Pferde an die Objekte gewöhnt (Extinktionstraining = Angstlöschung) und beobachtet welche Verhaltensymptome sich während dieser Gewöhnung (= Verlust der Neophobie) verändern. Die Hypothese war, dass tatsächliche Angstsymptome während der Gewöhnung immer seltener zu beobachten sind. Zusammenfassung III Als Verhaltensweisen für Angst konnten Ausweichbewegungen und Flucht, Lautäußerungen (Prusten und Schnauben), das Anspannen der Halsmuskulatur sowie das Vordrücken der Oberlippe identifiziert werden. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, dass Abstufungen im Angstverhalten möglich sind: Bei sehr hohem Angstlevel sind Fluchtreaktionen zu beobachten. Bei mittlerem Angstlevel treten Ausweichbewegungen im Schritt und Lautäußerungen (Prusten und Schnauben) auf, bei geringem Angstlevel wird die Halsmuskulatur angespannt und die Oberlippe vorgedrückt. Im Zweiten Teil der Arbeit sollten verschiedene Methoden zur Angst-Extinktionauf ihre Wirksamkeit hin untersucht werden. Verwendet wurde in verschiedenen Testgruppen die Methode der Desensibilisierung (d.h. leichte, schrittweise stärker werdende Exposition gegenüber dem angstauslösenden Reiz), die Desensibilisierung mit Gegenkonditionierung (positive Verstärkung) durch Streicheln bzw. Reiben des Halses und die Desensibilisierung mit Gegenkonditionierung durch Futterbelohnung. Als Kontrollgruppe dienten Pferde, die ohne eine Konfrontation mit dem angstauslösenden Reiz nur über den Versuchplatz geführt wurden. Während des Extinktionstrainings konnte beobachtet werden, dass die Desensibilisierung mit Gegenkonditionierung zu einer schnelleren Extinktion führt als ohne Gegenkonditionierung. Allerdings zeigte ein Vergleich mit der Kontrollgruppe, die das Extinktionstraining nicht erfahren hatte, den gleichen Verlust an Angstverhalten wie die Gruppen mit Extinktionstraining. Dieses Ergebnis wurde so interpretiert, dass die wiederholte Exposition gegenüber angstauslösenden Reizen bei den durchgeführten Verhaltenstests zwar eine Rolle spielt, doch dass auch allein die Beschäftigung mit den Tieren zu einem Verlust von Angstverhalten führt (wahrscheinlich auch aufgrund eines wachsenden Vertrauens zur Führperson, die über das komplette Experiment hin die Gleiche blieb). |
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Corporate Author | Thesis | Diploma thesis | |||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6205 | ||
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Author | Schwenk, B.K.; Fürst, A.E.; Bischhofberger, A.S. | ||||
Title | Traffic accident-related injuries in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2016 | Publication | Pferdeheilkunde – Equine Medicine | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Med. |
Volume | 32 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 192-199 |
Keywords | traffic / horse / injury / body site / accident / trauma | ||||
Abstract | Horses involved in road traffic accidents (RTAs) are commonly presented to veterinarians with varying types of injuries. The aim of this study was describe the pattern and severity of traffic accident-related injuries in horses in a single hospital population. Medical records of horses either hit by a motorized vehicle or involved in RTAs whilst being transported from 1993 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed and the following data was extracted: Signalement, hospitalisation time, month in which the accident happened, cause of the accident, place of the accident and type of vehicle hitting the horse. Further the different body sites injured (head, neck, breast, fore limb, abdomen, back and spine, pelvis and ileosacral region, hind limb, tail and genital region), the type of injury (wounds, musculoskeletal lesions and internal lesions) and the presence of neurological signs were retrieved from the medical records. 34 horses hit by motorized vehicles and 13 horses involved in RTAs whilst being transported were included in the study. Most of the accidents where horses were hit by motorized vehicles occurred during December (14.7%) and October (14.7%), horses were most commonly hit by cars (85.3%) and the majority of accidents occurred on main roads (26.5%). In 29.4% of the cases, horses had escaped from their paddock and then collided with a motorized vehicle. Most of the accidents with horses involved in RTAs whilst being transported occurred during April (30.8%) and June (23.1%). In 76.9% of the cases the accident happened on a freeway. In the horses hit by motorized vehicles the proximal hind limbs were the body site most commonly affected (44.1%), followed by the proximal front limbs (38.2%) and the head (32.4%). When horses were involved in RTAs whilst being transported the proximal fore limbs (61.5%), the proximal hind limbs (53.8%) and the distal hind limbs, back and head (38.5% each) were the most common injured body sites. Wounds were the most common type of injury in both groups (85.3% hit by motorized vehicle, 76.9% transported ones). In horses hit by a motorized vehicle 35.3% suffered from fractures, in 20.6% a synovial structure was involved and in 5.9% a tendon lesion was present. 14.7% suffered from internal lesions and 14.7% showed neurologic symptoms (40% peripheral, 60% central neurologic deficits). On the other hand, in horses involved in a RTA whilst being transported 30.8% suffered from fractures. There were no synovial structures injured and no tendon injuries were present. Furthermore there were no internal lesions present and only one horse involved in a RTA showed central neurologic symptoms. Injuries of horses being hit by a motorized vehicle were more severe than when horses were protected by a trailer and involved in a RTA whilst being transported. The study has been able to identify the different injury types of traffic accident-related injuries in horses. Awareness of the nature of these injuries is important, to avoid underestimation of their severity. |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6207 | ||
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Author | Van Horik, J.; Clayton, N.; Emery, N. | ||||
Title | Convergent evolution of cognition in Corvids, Apes and other animals | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 2012 | Publication | Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Publisher | Oxford University Press | Place of Publication | New York | Editor | Vonk, J.; Shackelford, T. |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Van Horik2012 | Serial | 6284 | ||
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Author | Jerison H. J. | ||||
Title | Intelligence and Evolutionary Biology | Type | Book Whole | ||
Year | 1988 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | Jerison H. J., Jerison, J. | ||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6402 | ||
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Author | Van Horik, J.; Clayton, N.; Emery, N. | ||||
Title | Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology | Type | Book Whole | ||
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Publisher | Oxford University Press | Place of Publication | New York | Editor | Vonk, J.; Shackelford, T. |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6403 | ||
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Author | Suter, S.M.; Giordano, M.; Nietlispach, S.; Apollonio, M.; Passilongo, D. | ||||
Title | Non-invasive acoustic detection of wolves | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2016 | Publication | Bioacoustics | Abbreviated Journal | Bioacoustics |
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Abstract | Monitoring wolves (Canis lupus) is a difficult and often expensive task due to high mobility,pack dynamic, shyness and nocturnal activity of this species. Wolves communicate acoustically trough howling, within pack and with packs of the neighbourhood. A wolf howl is a low frequency vocalization that can be transmitted over long distances and thus be used for monitoring tasks. Animated howling survey is a current method to monitor wolves indifferent areas all over the world. Animated howling, however, may be invasive to residential wolf packs and could create possible negative reactions from local human population. Here we show that it is possible to detect wolves by recording spontaneous howling events. We measured the sound pressure level of wolf howls on captive individuals and we further found that simulated howling may be recorded and clearly identified up to a distance of 3 km. We finally conducted non-invasive acoustic detection of wolves in a free ranging population. The use of passive sound recorders may provide a powerful non-invasive tool for future wolf monitoring and thus help to established sustainable management plans for this species. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6500 | ||
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Author | Reader, S.M.; Laland, K.N. | ||||
Title | Animal Innovation | Type | Book Whole | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Publisher | Oxford University Press | Place of Publication | Oxford | Editor | |
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ISSN | ISBN | 978-0-19-852622 | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6381 | ||
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Author | Meriggi,A.; Lovari, S. | ||||
Title | A Review of Wolf Predation in Southern Europe: Does the Wolf Prefer Wild Prey to Livestock? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Applled Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Ecol |
Volume | 33 | Issue | Pages | 1561-1571 | |
Keywords | Canis lupus, conservation, food habits, prey abundance, prey availability. | ||||
Abstract | 1. The recent recovery of the wolf in southern Europe has not yet removed the risk of local extinction. Wolf populations are fragmented and often comprise fewer than 500 individuals. In North America, northern and eastern Europe, wolves feed maiiily on wild herbivores. In southern Europe, this canid has apparently adapted to feed also on fruit, rubbish, livestock, small and medium-size mammals. 2. The main conservation problem lies with predation o n domestic ~ingulates,w liich leads to extensive killing of wolves. The reintroduction of wild large herbivores has been advocated as a means of reducing attacks on livestock, but predatiori on the latter may remain high if domestic ungulates are locally abundant. 3. Our synthesis of 15 studies, published in the last 15 years, on food habits of the wolf in southern Europe, has shown that ungulates have been the main diet component overall. A significant inverse correlation was found between the occurrence (%) of wild and domestic ungulates in the diet. The presence of relatively few wild ungulate species was necessary to reduce predation on livestock. 4. Selection of wild and domestic ungulate prey was influenced mainly by their local abundance, but also by their accessibility. Feeding dependence on rubbish was local and rare. In Italy, the consumption of riibbish/fruit and that of ungulates was significantly negatively correlated. Diet breadth increased as the presence of large prey in tlie diet decreased. 5. The simultaneous reintroduction of severa1 wild ungulate species is likely to reduce predation on livestock and may prove to be one of the most effective conservation measures. |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6387 | ||
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Author | Zlatanova, D.; Ahmed, A.; Valasseva, A.; Genov, P. | ||||
Title | Adaptive Diet Strategy of the Wolf (Canis lupus L.) in Europe: a Review | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2014 | Publication | ACTA ZOOLOGICA BULGARICA | Abbreviated Journal | Acta zool. bulg. |
Volume | 66 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 439-452 |
Keywords | Wolf, Canis lupus, prey, adaptive strategy | ||||
Abstract | The diet strategy of the wolf in Europe is reviewed on the basis of 74 basic and 14 additional literature sources. The comparative analysis reveals clear dependence on the latitude (and, therefore, on the changing environmental conditions) correlated with the wild ungulate abundance and diversity. Following a geographic pattern, the wolf is specialised on different species of ungulates: moose and reindeer in Scandinavia, red deer in Central and Eastern Europe and wild boar in Southern Europe. Where this large prey is taken, the roe deer is hunted with almost the same frequency in every region. The wolf diet in Europe shows two ecological adaptations formed by a complex of variables: 1. Wolves living in natural habitats with abundance of wild ungulates feed mainly on wild prey. 2. In highly anthropogenic habitats, with low abundance of wild prey, wolves feed on livestock (where husbandry of domestic animals is available) and take also a lot of plant food, smaller prey (hares and rodents) and garbage food. The frequency of occurrence of wild ungulates in the diet of wolves in North Europe varies from 54.0% in Belarus to 132.7% in Poland, while that of livestock is in the range from 0.4% in Norway to 74.9% in Belarus. In South Europe, the frequency of occurrence of wild prey varies from 0% in Italy and Spain to 136.0% in Italy, while of domestic ungulates ranges between 0% and 100% in Spain. The low density or lack of wild prey triggers the switch of the wolf diet to livestock, plant food (32.2-85% in Italy) or even garbage (up to 41.5% in Italy). |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6388 | ||
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Author | Grönemann, K. | ||||
Title | Konfliktfeld Pferd und Wolf – Eine Untersuchung zu Einstellungen, Erwartungen und Befürchtungen von Pferdehaltern und Reitsportlern in Niedersachsen | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | Master's thesis | |||
Publisher | University Hildesheim | Place of Publication | Hildesheim | Editor | |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6440 | ||
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