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Author |
Giraldeau, Luc-Alain |
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Title |
The ecology of information use |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural ecology : an evolutionary approach |
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Blackwell Science |
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Cambridge, Mass. |
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Krebs, J.R.; Davies, N.B. |
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0865427313 9780865427310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 35114973 |
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4277 |
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Author |
Bekoff M. |
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Title |
Deep Ethology, Animal Rights, and the Great Ape/Animal Project: Resisting Speciesism and Expanding the Community of Equals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
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Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics |
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10 |
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269-296 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3470 |
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Author |
Kaseda, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Khalil, A.M. |
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Title |
Causes of natal dispersal and emigration and their effects on harem formation in Misaki feral horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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29 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
262-266 |
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Keywords |
Age Factors; Animal Migration; Animals; Animals, Wild; *Behavior, Animal/physiology; Female; Horses/*physiology/psychology; Male; Reproduction; Seasons; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior |
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Abstract |
Misaki feral horses were separated into 2 herds and the difference between dispersal from natal group (natal dispersal) and dispersal from natal area (natal emigration) was studied. The causes of dispersal and emigration and their effects on harem formation were studied 1979-1994. The number of horses ranged from 73 (mature males: 8, mature females: 26, young males: 8, young females: 3, colt foals: 6, filly foals: 10 and geldings: 12) in 1979 and 86 (mature males: 14, mature females: 37, young males: 12, young females: 7, colt foals: 5, filly foals: 7 and geldings: 4) in 1994 when the present study ended. All 29 males which survived to age 4 years and 58 females which survived to age 3 years left their natal or mother groups at age one to 3. Seventeen of 22 dispersing males and 29 of 39 dispersing females left their natal groups around the birth of their siblings and significant correlations were found between natal dispersal and birth of a sibling. The number of emigrating young males correlated negatively and significantly with the total number of young males in another herd and the number of emigrating young females correlated positively and significantly with the total number of young females in the natal herd. All 13 emigrating stallions which survived to age 5 years formed stable harem groups and a significant correlation was found between natal emigration and harem formation. Twenty-three of 35 resident mares formed stable consort relations with harem stallions and a significant correlation was found between residence and formation of stable consort relations. |
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Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki-shi, 889-21, Japan |
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English |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:15338905 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4630 |
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Author |
Reeve, H. Kern |
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Title |
Evolutionarily stable communication between kin: a general model |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
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Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
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264 |
Issue |
(1384) |
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1037-1040. |
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Signalling Systems |
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At present, the most general evolutionary theory of honest communication is Grafen's model of Zahavi's 'handicap' signalling system, in which honesty of signals about the signaller's quality (e.g. mate suitability or fighting ability) is maintained by the differentially high cost of signals to signallers having lower quality. The latter model is here further generalized to include any communication between signallers and receivers that are genetically related (e.g. parents and begging offspring, cooperative or competing siblings). Signalling systems involving relatives are shown to be evolutionarily stable, despite a potential pay-off for false signalling, if the Zahavian assumption of differential signal costs holds and there are diminishing reproductive returns to the signaller as the receiver's assessed value of its attribute increases, or if, regardless of whether the Zahavian assumption holds, signallers with high values of the attribute benefit more from a given receiver assessment than signallers with low values (e.g. begging chicks that are hungrier benefit more from being fed). In stable systems of signalling among kin, it is also shown to be generally true that (i) levels of signalling and thus observed signal costs will decline as relatedness increases or as the receiver's reproductive penalty for erroneous assessment increases, and (ii) receivers will consistently, altruistically overestimate the true value of the signalled attribute. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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557 |
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Author |
Le Scolan, N.; Hausberger, M.; Wolff, A. |
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Title |
Stability over situations in temperamental traits of horses as revealed by experimental and scoring approaches |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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41 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
257-266 |
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Behavioural tests; Horse; Ratings; Temperament |
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Individual behavioural reactions of adult horses in a variety of experimental tests were compared with ratings by riding teachers. The tests were made in a non working situation, with the animals being released in an arena, a box (arena test, new object test, learning tests) or handled (new object/handling situation). The traits rated by teachers were fearfulness, nervousness, gregariousness and learning abilities at work (ridden or handled). Despite a great homogeneity in the reactions exhibited by the horses in the different situations, large individual differences were present. Correlations appeared between the reactivity in the arena test and the score of gregariousness, between the reactivity in the novel object test and the rating of nervousness when ridden, between the results in the handling test and the rating of general fearfulness and between the ability to memorise an instrumental task and the score of general learning ability. Such results strengthen the idea that there are underlying behavioural dispositions that are stable across situations and that the experimental tests may be good predictors of the temperament in untrained animals. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3591 |
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Author |
Wolff, A.; Hausberger, M.; Le Scolan, N. |
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Title |
Experimental tests to assess emotionality in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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40 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
209-221 |
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Emotivity; Gregariousness; Horse; Neophobia; Open-field |
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Different tests were used to assess different aspects of the emotionality of 1-3 year-old horses: arena test; a [`]novel object' test; and a handling test. In reaction to the test situations no important differences were observed according to age or sex in the behaviour patterns, but clear individual differences were observed within these classes. The arena test seemed to reveal the degree of gregariousness of the animals whereas the results in the two other tests were correlated and seemed to reflect an inherent degree of fearfulness in the horse. Indices were developed that enabled to rank the animals, by taking into account all behaviour patterns shown. Such individual characteristics might have some genetic basis: half-siblings tended to behave the same way in most cases. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5018 |
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Foster, T.M.; Matthews, L.R.; Temple, W.; Poling, A. |
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Title |
Concurrent schedule performance in domestic goats: persistent undermatching |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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40 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
231-237 |
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Matching equation; Undermatching; Variable-interval schedule; Nose-press response; Goats |
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Performance of nine domestic goats responding under concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules of food delivery was examined, with results analyzed in terms of the generalized matching equation. Substantial undermatching of response and time allocation ratios to obtained reinforcement ratios was evident. Post-reinforcement pause time ratios approximately matched obtained reinforcement ratios. Subtracting these times from total time allocation values yielded net time allocation ratios, which undermatched obtained reinforcement ratios to a greater degree than whole-session time allocation ratios. Slopes of regression lines relating behavioral outputs to environmental inputs characteristically were below 0.6, which is similar to previous findings in dairy cows tested under comparable conditions. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3602 |
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Foster, T.M.; Temple, W.; Cameron, B.; Poling, A. |
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Title |
Demand curves for food in hens: Similarity under fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
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Behav. Process. |
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39 |
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2 |
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177-185 |
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Progressive-ratio schedule; Fixed-ratio schedule; Demand curves; Behavioral economics; Animal welfare; Keypecking; Chickens |
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Demand curves were generated for five domestic hens under progressive-ratio 5 schedules of food delivery and under fixed-ratio schedules of food delivery that began at fixed-ratio 5 and were incremented by 5 each session. All sessions ended after 10 consecutive minutes without a response. Although response rates at a given ratio were higher under the progressive-ratio schedule, all hens completed higher ratios under the fixed-ratio schedule. Similar, but not identical, demand curves were generated under progressive-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules. Under both schedules, consumption (reinforcers earned) decreased as cost (ratio size) increased. Data generally were well described by an equation in which elasticity of demand is constant, although an equation in which elasticity could vary accounted for slightly more of the variance. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3603 |
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Slabbert, J.M.; Rasa, O.A.E. |
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Title |
Observational learning of an acquired maternal behaviour pattern by working dog pups: an alternative training method? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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53 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
309-316 |
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Dog; Learning; Parental behaviour; Narcotics |
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German shepherd pups from untrained bitches and bitches trained in the location of narcotics were either separated from their mothers at 6 weeks (standard raised) or at 3 months of age (extended maternal care). Pups with extended maternal care which were allowed to observe their trained mothers locating and retrieving a sachet of odour-producing narcotic between the ages of 6 and 12 weeks performed the same task significantly better than non-exposed pups when tested at the age of 6 months, without further reinforcement during the interim period. This difference in performance was independent of the duration of maternal care or maternal origin of the pups and was attributed to differences in early experience acquired through observational learning. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5225 |
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Author |
Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
Cooperation and the Prisoner's Dilemma: towards testable models of mutualism versus reciprocity |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
551-557 |
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For the purpose of distinguishing between mutualism and reciprocity in nature, recent work on the evolution of cooperation has both oversimplifed and undersimplified the distinction between these two categories of cooperation. This article addresses the resulting issues of model testability, clarifies the role of time and argues that the category of `pseudo-reciprocity' is an unnecessary complication. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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