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Leaver, L.; Hopewell, L.; Caldwell, C.; Mallarky, L. |
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Audience effects on food caching in grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis): evidence for pilferage avoidance strategies |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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10 |
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1 |
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23-27 |
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Caching – Deception – Pilferage – Grey squirrels – Sciurus carolinensis |
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Abstract If food pilferage has been a reliable selection pressure on food caching animals, those animals should have evolved the ability to protect their caches from pilferers. Evidence that animals protect their caches would support the argument that pilferage has been an important adaptive challenge. We observed naturally caching Eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in order to determine whether they used any evasive tactics in order to deter conspecific and heterospecific pilferage. We found that grey squirrels used evasive tactics when they had a conspecific audience, but not when they had a heterospecific (corvid) audience. When other squirrels were present, grey squirrels spaced their caches farther apart and preferentially cached when oriented with their backs to other squirrels, but no such effect was found when birds were present. Our data provide the first evidence that caching mammals are sensitive to the risk of pilferage posed by an audience of conspecifics, and that they utilise evasive tactics that should help to minimise cache loss. We discuss our results in relation to recent theory of reciprocal pilferage and compare them to behaviours shown by caching birds. |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4223 |
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Adachi, I.; Kuwahata, H.; Fujita, K. |
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Dogs recall their owner's face upon hearing the owner's voice |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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10 |
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1 |
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17-21 |
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Cross-modal representation – Natural concepts – Dogs |
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Abstract We tested whether dogs have a cross-modal representation of human individuals. We presented domestic dogs with a photo of either the owner's or a stranger's face on the LCD monitor after playing back a voice of one of those persons. A voice and a face matched in half of the trials (Congruent condition) and mismatched in the other half (Incongruent condition). If our subjects activate visual images of the voice, their expectation would be contradicted in Incongruent condition. It would result in the subjects` longer looking times in Incongruent condition than in Congruent condition. Our subject dogs looked longer at the visual stimulus in Incongruent condition than in Congruent condition. This suggests that dogs actively generate their internal representation of the owner's face when they hear the owner calling them. This is the first demonstration that nonhuman animals do not merely associate auditory and visual stimuli but also actively generate a visual image from auditory information. Furthermore, our subject also looked at the visual stimulus longer in Incongruent condition in which the owner's face followed an unfamiliar person's voice than in Congruent condition in which the owner's face followed the owner's voice. Generating a particular visual image in response to an unfamiliar voice should be difficult, and any expected images from the voice ought to be more obscure or less well defined than that of the owners. However, our subjects looked longer at the owner's face in Incongruent condition than in Congruent condition. This may indicate that dogs may have predicted that it should not be the owner when they heard the unfamiliar person's voice. |
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4222 |
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Bryson, J.; Leong, J. |
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Title |
Primate errors in transitive inference: a two-tier learning model |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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10 |
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1 |
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1-15 |
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Transitive inference, choice or performance – Task learning – Hippocampal learning – Modelling |
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Abstract Transitive performance (TP) is a learning-based behaviour exhibited by a wide range of species, where if a subject has been taught to prefer A when presented with the pair AB but to prefer B when presented with the pair BC, then the subject will also prefer A when presented with the novel pair AC. Most explanations of TP assume that subjects recognize and learn an underlying sequence from observing the training pairs. However, data from squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and young children contradict this, showing that when three different items (a triad) are drawn from the sequence, subjects`` performance degrades systematically (McGonigle and Chalmers, Nature 267:694-696, 1977; Chalmers and McGonigle, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 37:355-377, 1984; Harris and McGonigle, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 47B:319-348, 1994). We present here the two-tier model, the first learning model of TP which accounts for this systematic performance degradation. Our model assumes primate TP is based on a general-purpose task learning system rather than a special-purpose sequence-learning system. It supports the hypothesis of Heckers et al. (Hippocampus 14:153-162, 2004) that TP is an expression of two separate general learning elements: one for associating actions and contexts, another for prioritising associations when more than one context is present. The two-tier model also provides explanations for why phased training is important for helping subjects learn the initial training pairs and why some subjects fail to do so. It also supports the Harris and McGonigle (The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 47B:319-348, 1994) explanation of why, once the training pairs have been acquired, subjects perform transitive choice automatically on two-item diads, but not when exposed to triads from the same sequence. |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4221 |
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Matsuzawa, T.; Tomonaga, M. |
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For a rise of comparative cognitive science |
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2001 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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4 |
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3 |
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133-135 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3299 |
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Addessi, E.; Visalberghi, E. |
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Social facilitation of eating novel food in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella): input provided by group members and responses affected in the observer |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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4 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
297-303 |
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Learning about food palatability from watching what conspecifics eat might be one of the advantages of group living. A previous study investigated whether group members' presence or eating activity account for social facilitation of eating of foods never previously tasted. Capuchins encountered novel colored foods when (1) alone (Alone condition) or (2) with group members visible in the nearby cage (Group-present condition) or (3) with group members present and eating a familiar food that had not been colored (Group+food condition). Social facilitation of eating occurred when group members were eating, despite the difference in color between the familiar food eaten by them and the novel food presented to the experimental subject. To clarify what subjects learnt from group members when social facilitation occurred, we further analyze here the data from the previous study. The number of visual exposures to the colored novel food (as a group member) correlated with increased consumption of that novel food when encountered later (as experimental subject). In contrast, the number of times that an individual fed on the familiar food (as a group member) did not decrease its consumption of novel food (as experimental subject). Therefore, capuchins (1) habituated to the colors of the novel foods, and (2) did not take into account that seeing group members eating a food does not provide information about the palatability of a differently colored food. Since social facilitation of eating occurs when foods do not match in color, at least in capuchins, social facilitation of eating should not be considered as a way of learning about a safe diet, but rather as a way of overcoming neophobia. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3382 |
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Arthur, D.; Levin, E. |
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Spatial and non-spatial visual discrimination learning in zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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4 |
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2 |
Pages |
125-131 |
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Zebrafish (Danio rerio) provide an excellent model for assessment of molecular processes of neurodevelopment. To determine the functional importance of molecular events during neurodevelopment, we have developed methods for assessing learning in zebrafish in a three-chambered fish tank. In the first study, simple escape response was assessed. Zebrafish tested with a moving net learned to escape to another chamber more rapidly over the six sessions of training than the fish with the still net which did not learn. Upon reversal of the contingencies, the fish switched to the inactive net rapidly learned to suppress the escape response and fish formerly in the inactive net condition learned to avoid the moving net. In the second study, spatial discrimination learning was assessed. Zebrafish were trained on a right-left position discrimination to avoid the active net. Zebrafish showed significant improvement in escape responses over six sessions of training with three trials per session. In the third study, red-blue non-spatial discrimination learning was assessed. There was a significant improvement over the first six training sessions. With the reversal of contingencies, there was a significant decline of performance. With continued training, the fish again significantly improved avoidance. These studies found an effective motivational stimulus and procedure for studying escape behavior in zebrafish; a procedure whereby zebrafish would learn both spatial and non-spatial discrimination. These methods are being developed to help determine the functional importance of molecular events during zebrafish neurodevelopment. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3372 |
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Tonooka, R. |
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Leaf-folding behavior for drinking water by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Bossou, Guinea |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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4 |
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3 |
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325-334 |
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The use of leaves for drinking water by wild chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes verus) at Bossou, Guinea, was observed intensively. The natural hollow of a tree, used by chimpanzees, was filled up with fresh water every morning. Seventy episodes of leaf-using behavior by 14 chimpanzees were directly observed and video-recorded. The chimpanzees at Bossou most frequently (70.3%) used a particular kind of leaf, Hybophrynium braunianum as tool material. The chimpanzees folded one or more leaves in the mouth. This technique, “leaf folding”, was observed more frequently (57.9 %) than “leaf sponge” or “leaf spoon”. Chimpanzees began to perform this behavior at about 2.5 years old. Infant chimpanzees showed more frequent observations of others (especially their mothers) using leaves before trying to drink water with leaves. Both observation and trial and error might be necessary for the acquisition of this tool-use behavior. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3202 |
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Fagot, J.; Tomonaga, M. |
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Effects of element separation on perceptual grouping by humans (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): perception of Kanizsa illusory figures |
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2001 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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4 |
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3 |
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171-177 |
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The processing of Kanizsa-square illusory figures was studied in two experiments with four humans and two chimpanzees. Subjects of the two species were initially trained to select a Kanizsa-square illusory figure presented in a computerized two-alternative forced choice task. After training, adding narrow closing segments to the pacman inducers that composed the Kanisza illusory figures lowered performance in both chimpanzees and humans, suggesting that the discrimination could be controlled by the perception of illusory forms. A second experiment assessed transfer of performance with five sets of figures in which the size of the inducers and their separation were manipulated. Only for chimpanzees was performance directly controlled by separation, suggesting that chimpanzees are more sensitive than humans to the separation between visual elements. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3172 |
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Webster, S.; Fiorito, G. |
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Socially guided behaviour in non-insect invertebrates |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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4 |
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2 |
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69-79 |
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A review of the past 50 years of literature on socially guided behaviour addresses two questions: (1) whether socially guided behaviour, which has traditionally been considered characteristic of vertebrates, is also found among non-insect invertebrates, and (2) to see whether our classification of socially guided behaviours in invertebrates matches, and thereby supports, A. Whiten and R. Ham's classification of vertebrate behaviours into two broad categories, social learning and social influence. We systematically reviewed the literature on socially guided behaviour in non-insect invertebrates to determine if social behaviours exist. Once this was established, we characterised our findings using 13 behavioural phenomena that are considered to be descriptive of socially guided behaviour. Using a multivariate technique, we then analysed the data to determine if our characterisation scheme produced a similar distribution to that presented by A. Whiten and R. Ham. Our results indicate that socially guided behaviours are present in invertebrates, and invertebrates can be placed into the previously established framework on vertebrate social behaviour. Further, our analysis reveals a prominent separation between representations of the social influence and social learning categories, thereby supporting the previously published framework on socially guided behaviour. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3210 |
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Xitco, M.; Gory, J.; Kuczaj, S. |
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Spontaneous pointing by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) |
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2001 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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4 |
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2 |
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115-123 |
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Two bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) participating in a symbolic communication project spontaneously developed behaviors that resembled pointing and gaze alternation. The dolphins' behavior demonstrated several features reminiscent of referential communicative behavior. It was triadic, involving a signaler, receiver, and referent. It was also indicative, specifying a focus of attention. The dolphins' points were distinct from the act of attending to or acting on objects. Spontaneous dolphin pointing was influenced by the presence of a potential receiver, and the distance between that receiver and the dolphin. These findings suggest that dolphins are capable of producing referential gestures. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3111 |
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