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| Author | Frank S. A. | ||||
| Title | Policing and group cohesion when resources vary. | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Animal Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 52 | Issue | Pages | 1163-1169 | |
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| Abstract | The transition from competing individuals to cooperative groups has occurred several times inevolutionary history. The puzzle is why selfish individuals did not subvert cohesive group behaviour bytaking resources without contributing to the group’s overall success. Kin selection and reciprocal altruism are the two standard explanations for group cohesion. But many groups have evolved into cooperative units when relatedness was low and opportunities were limited for the strategic alliances required for reciprocity. A new theory was recently proposed in which individuals invest some of their resources into repressing competition between group members. Such policing increases the fair distribution of resources in the group and enhances group cohesion. The surprising aspect of this theory is that low relatedness is more conducive to the spread of policing traits than is high relatedness. Here a new explanation is developed of the biological processes that favour policing. The model is then extended in two ways. First, more realism is added to the theory by accounting for the full range of costs and benefits associated with competitive and cooperative traits within groups. Second, another surprising result is introduced about cooperative evolution. Small variations in individual vigour or resources can lead to large variations in individual contributions to policing the group. Stronger individuals often invest all of their excess resources into policing, but weaker individuals do not contribute to group cohesion. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5429 | ||
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| Author | Nishida, T.; Hosaka K. | ||||
| Title | Coalition strategies among adult male chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Great Ape Societies. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 114-135 | ||
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| Publisher | Cambridge University Press | Place of Publication | Cambridge | Editor | McGrew, W. C.; Marchant, L. F.; Nishida, T. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5470 | ||
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| Author | Tomasello, M. | ||||
| Title | Do apes ape? | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Social learning in animals: the roots of culture | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 319-346 | ||
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| Publisher | Academic Press | Place of Publication | London | Editor | Heyes, C. M.; Galef, B.G. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5600 | ||
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| Author | Meriggi,A.; Lovari, S. | ||||
| Title | A Review of Wolf Predation in Southern Europe: Does the Wolf Prefer Wild Prey to Livestock? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Applled Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Ecol |
| Volume | 33 | Issue | Pages | 1561-1571 | |
| Keywords | Canis lupus, conservation, food habits, prey abundance, prey availability. | ||||
| Abstract | 1. The recent recovery of the wolf in southern Europe has not yet removed the risk of local extinction. Wolf populations are fragmented and often comprise fewer than 500 individuals. In North America, northern and eastern Europe, wolves feed maiiily on wild herbivores. In southern Europe, this canid has apparently adapted to feed also on fruit, rubbish, livestock, small and medium-size mammals. 2. The main conservation problem lies with predation o n domestic ~ingulates,w liich leads to extensive killing of wolves. The reintroduction of wild large herbivores has been advocated as a means of reducing attacks on livestock, but predatiori on the latter may remain high if domestic ungulates are locally abundant. 3. Our synthesis of 15 studies, published in the last 15 years, on food habits of the wolf in southern Europe, has shown that ungulates have been the main diet component overall. A significant inverse correlation was found between the occurrence (%) of wild and domestic ungulates in the diet. The presence of relatively few wild ungulate species was necessary to reduce predation on livestock. 4. Selection of wild and domestic ungulate prey was influenced mainly by their local abundance, but also by their accessibility. Feeding dependence on rubbish was local and rare. In Italy, the consumption of riibbish/fruit and that of ungulates was significantly negatively correlated. Diet breadth increased as the presence of large prey in tlie diet decreased. 5. The simultaneous reintroduction of severa1 wild ungulate species is likely to reduce predation on livestock and may prove to be one of the most effective conservation measures. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6387 | ||
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| Author | Cilnis, M.J.; Kang, W.; Weaver, S.C. | ||||
| Title | Genetic conservation of Highlands J viruses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Virology | Abbreviated Journal | Virology |
| Volume | 218 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 343-351 |
| Keywords | Alphavirus/*genetics; Alphavirus Infections/transmission/veterinary/virology; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Conserved Sequence; Disease Outbreaks; Encephalitis, Viral/veterinary/virology; *Evolution, Molecular; Horses; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral/genetics; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Turkeys; Variation (Genetics)/*genetics | ||||
| Abstract | We studied molecular evolution of the mosquito-borne alphavirus Highlands J (HJ) virus by sequencing PCR products generated from 19 strains isolated between 1952 and 1994. Sequences of 1200 nucleotides including portions of the E1 gene and the 3' untranslated region revealed a relatively slow evolutionary rate estimated at 0.9-1.6 x 10(-4) substitutions per nucleotide per year. Phylogenetic trees indicated that all HJ viruses descended from a common ancestor and suggested the presence of one dominant lineage in North America. However, two or more minor lineages probably circulated simultaneously for periods of years to a few decades. Strains isolated from a horse suffering encephalitis, and implicated in a recent turkey outbreak, were not phylogenetically distinct from strains isolated in other locations during the same time periods. Our findings are remarkably similar to those we obtained previously for another North American alphavirus, eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, with which Highlands J shares primary mosquito and avian hosts, geographical distribution, and ecology. These results support the hypotheses that the duration of the transmission season affects arboviral evolutionary rates and vertebrate host mobility influences genetic diversity. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0042-6822 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8610461 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2657 | ||
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| Author | Grubb, T.L.; Foreman, J.H.; Benson, G.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Constable, P.D.; Olson, W.O.; Davis, L.E. | ||||
| Title | Hemodynamic effects of calcium gluconate administered to conscious horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine | Abbreviated Journal | J Vet Intern Med |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 401-404 |
| Keywords | Animals; Blood Pressure/drug effects/physiology; Calcium/blood; Calcium Gluconate/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Cardiac Output/drug effects/physiology; Consciousness/*physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Heart Rate/drug effects/physiology; Hemodynamic Processes/*drug effects/physiology; Horses/blood/*physiology; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/physiology; Respiration/drug effects/physiology; Stroke Volume/drug effects/physiology; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | Calcium gluconate was administered to conscious horses at 3 different rates (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg/min for 15 minutes each). Serum calcium concentrations and parameters of cardiovascular function were evaluated. All 3 calcium administration rates caused marked increases in both ionized and total calcium concentrations, cardiac index, stroke index, and cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax). Mean arterial pressure and right atrial pressure were unchanged; heart rate decreased markedly during calcium administration. Ionized calcium concentration remained between 54% and 57% of total calcium concentration throughout the study. We conclude that calcium gluconate can safely be administered to conscious horses at 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg/min and that administration will result in improved cardiac function. | ||||
| Address | Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0891-6640 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8947873 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 97 | ||
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| Author | Turner, J.W.J.; Liu, I.K.; Kirkpatrick, J.F. | ||||
| Title | Remotely delivered immunocontraception in free-roaming feral burros (Equus asinus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of reproduction and fertility | Abbreviated Journal | J Reprod Fertil |
| Volume | 107 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 31-35 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Animals, Wild; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/*veterinary; *Equidae; Feces/chemistry; Female; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests; Swine; Zona Pellucida/immunology | ||||
| Abstract | Regulation of local overpopulations of free-roaming feral equids is in demand worldwide for ecological balance and habitat preservation. Contraceptive vaccines have proven effective in feral horses, which breed seasonally, but no data are available for equids such as the burro, which is reproductively active all year round. In the present study, 27 individually identified female feral burros (Equus asinus) roaming free in Virgin Islands National Park (St John, US Virgin Islands; Lesser Antilles) were remotely treated with pig zonae pellucidae (PZP) vaccine. Between January and May, 16 burros were darted with a 1 ml emulsion of PZP plus Freund's adjuvant. Ten to twelve months later each treated burro was given a single booster injection of PZP plus adjuvant to maintain contraception through a second year. Eleven adult untreated jennies served as controls. Beginning one year after initial vaccination, these burros were monitored for pregnancy and foal production. Collection of data to determine treatment effect was not begun until 12 months after initial treatment to ensure that pregnancies existing before vaccination were not included. Pregnancy was assessed using previously validated methods for steroid metabolite measurement in fresh faecal samples. None of the PZP-treated burros produced foals between 0 and 12 months after the last inoculation. One PZP-treated burro tested positive for pregnancy at 10 months after the final inoculation. During this same period, six of 11 untreated burros tested pregnancy-positive, and four were observed with foals. There was no difference in pregnancy rates among treated, control and randomly sampled jennies between 12 and 24 months after the last inoculation. The results demonstrate that, in free-roaming feral burros that are reproductively active all year round: (1) burros can be accessed for remotely delivered PZP vaccination; (2) PZP contraception is effective; (3) PZP contraception is reversible; and (4) pregnancy can be reliably detected by faecal steroid analysis. | ||||
| Address | Department of Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0022-4251 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8699431 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 144 | ||
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| Author | de Waal, F.B. | ||||
| Title | Macaque social culture: development and perpetuation of affiliative networks | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 110 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 147-154 |
| Keywords | Animals; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Peer Group; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior; Social Distance; *Social Environment | ||||
| Abstract | Maternal affiliative relations may be transmitted to offspring, similar to the way in which maternal rank determines offspring rank. The development of 23 captive female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was followed from the day of birth until adulthood. A multivariate analysis compared relations among age peers with affiliative relations, kinship, and rank distance among mothers. Maternal relations were an excellent predictor of affiliative relations among daughters, explaining up to 64% of the variance. Much of this predictability was due to the effect of kinship. However, after this variable had been controlled, significant predictability persisted. For relations of female subjects with male peers, on the other hand, maternal relations had no significant predictive value beyond the effect of kinship. One possible explanation of these results is that young rhesus females copy maternal social preferences through a process of cultural learning. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dewaal@rmy.emory.edu | ||||
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| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8681528 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 204 | ||
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| Author | de Waal, F.B.; Uno, H.; Luttrell, L.M.; Meisner, L.F.; Jeannotte, L.A. | ||||
| Title | Behavioral retardation in a macaque with autosomal trisomy and aging mother | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | American journal of mental retardation : AJMR | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Ment Retard |
| Volume | 100 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 378-390 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Brain/physiopathology; Female; Hydrocephalus/complications; Longitudinal Studies; Macaca mulatta/*genetics; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; *Maternal Age; Psychomotor Disorders/*etiology; Social Behavior; Trisomy/*genetics; X Chromosome | ||||
| Abstract | The social development of a female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was followed from the day of birth until her death, at age 32 months. The subject, born to an older mother, had an extra autosome (karyotype: 43, XX, +18), an affliction that came about spontaneously. MRI scans revealed that she was also hydrocephalic. Compared to 23 female monkeys growing up under identical conditions, the subject showed serious motor deficiencies, a dramatic delay in the development of social behavior, poorly established dominance relationships, and greater than usual dependency on mother and kin. The subject was well-integrated into the social group, however. | ||||
| Address | University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0895-8017 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8718992 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 205 | ||
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| Author | Akins, C.K.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Imitative learning in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) using the two-action method | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 110 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 316-320 |
| Keywords | Animals; Appetitive Behavior; *Attention; *Coturnix; *Imitative Behavior; Male; *Motivation; Transfer (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | The study of imitative learning in animals has suffered from the presence of a number of confounding motivational and attentional factors (e.g., social facilitation and stimulus enhancement). The two-action method avoids these problems by exposing observers to demonstrators performing a response (e.g., operating a treadle) using 1 of 2 distinctive topographies (e.g., by pecking or by stepping). Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) observers exposed to conspecific demonstrators showed a high correlation between the topography of the response they observed and the response they performed. These data provide strong evidence for the existence of true imitative learning in an active, precocious bird under conditions that control for alternative accounts. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8858851 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 254 | ||
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