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Author Templeton, J. J.; Kamil, A. C.; Balda, R. P. doi  openurl
  Title Sociality and social learning in two species of corvids: The pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) and the Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Journal of Comparative Psychology Abbreviated Journal J. Comp. Psychol.  
  Volume 113 Issue 4 Pages 450-455  
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  Abstract The hypothesis that social learning is an adaptive specialization for social living predicts that social species should learn better socially than they do individually, but that nonsocial species should not exhibit a similar enhancement of performance under social learning conditions. The authors compared individual and social learning abilities in 2 corvid species: the highly social pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) and the less social Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). The birds were tested on 2 different tasks under individual and social learning conditions. Half learned a motor task individually and a discrimination task socially; the other half learned the motor task socially and the discrimination task individually. Pinyon jays learned faster socially than they did individually, but nutcrackers performed equally well under both learning conditions. Results support the hypothesis that social learning is an adaptive specialization for social living in pinyon jays. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2191  
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Author Custance, D.; Whiten, A.; Fredman, T. doi  openurl
  Title Social learning of an artificial fruit task in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Journal of Comparative Psychology Abbreviated Journal J. Comp. Psychol.  
  Volume 113 Issue 1 Pages 13-23  
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  Abstract Social learning in 11 human-raised capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) was investigated using an artificial fruit that was designed as an analogue of natural foraging problems faced by primates. Each subject observed a human model open each of 3 principal components on the fruit in 1 of 2 alternative ways (“morphs”). The capuchin monkeys reproduced, to differing extents, the alternative techniques used for opening 1 component of the task (poking vs. pulling while twisting out a pair of smooth plastic bolts) but not the other 2. From the subjects' actions on the bolt latch, independent coders could recognize which morph they had witnessed, and they observed a degree of matching to the demonstrator's act consistent with simple imitation or object movement reenactment (A learns from watching B how an object, or parts of an object, move). Thus, these capuchins were capable of more complex social learning than has been recently ascribed to monkeys. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6563  
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Author Erhart, E.; Overdorff, D. doi  openurl
  Title Female Coordination of Group Travel in Wild Propithecus and Eulemur Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 20 Issue 6 Pages 927-940-940  
  Keywords Biomedical and Life Sciences  
  Abstract Coordination of primate group movements by individual group members is generally categorized as leadership behavior, which entails several steps: deciding where to move next, initiating travel, and leading a group between food, water sources, and rest sites. Presumably, leaders are able to influence their daily foraging efficiency and nutritional intake, which could influence an individual's feeding ecology and long-term reproductive success. Within anthropoid species, females lead group movements in most female-bonded groups, while males lead groups in most nonfemale-bonded groups. Group leadership has not been described for social prosimians, which are typically not female-bonded. We describe group movements in two nonfemale-bonded, lemurid species living in southeastern Madagascar, Propithecus diadema edwardsi and Eulemur fulvus rufus. Although several social lemurids exhibit female dominance Eulemur fulvus rufus does not, and evidence for female dominance is equivocal in Propithecus diadema edwardsi. Given the ecological stresses that females face during reproduction, we predict that females in these two species will implement alternative behavioral strategies such as group leadership in conjunction with, or in the absence of, dominance interactions to improve access to food. We found that females in both species initiated and led group movements significantly more often than males did. In groups with multiple females, one female was primarily responsible for initiating and leading group movements. We conclude that female nutritional needs may determine ranging behavior to a large extent in these prosimian species, at least during months of gestation and lactation.  
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  Publisher Springer Netherlands Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 0164-0291 ISBN Medium  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5308  
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Author Griffiths D.; Dickinson A.; Clayton N. doi  openurl
  Title Episodic memory: what can animals remember about their past? Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Trends in Cognitive Sciences Abbreviated Journal Trends. Cognit. Sci.  
  Volume 3 Issue Pages 74-80  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3460  
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Author Weed M.R.; Taffe M.A.; Polis I.; Roberts A.C.; Robbins T.W.; Koob G.F.; Bloom F.E.; Gold L.H. doi  openurl
  Title Performance norms for a rhesus monkey neuropsychological testing battery: acquisition and long-term performance Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Cognitive Brain Research Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 8 Issue Pages 185-201  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3459  
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Author Vallortigara G.; Regolin L.; Pagni P. doi  openurl
  Title Detour behaviour, imprinting and visual lateralization in the domestic chick Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Cognitive Brain Research Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 7 Issue Pages 307-320  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3461  
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Author Hanggi, E.B. doi  openurl
  Title Interocular transfer of learning In horses (Equus caballus) Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Journal of Equine Veterinary Science Abbreviated Journal J Equine Vet Sci  
  Volume 19 Issue 8 Pages 518-524  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3564  
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Author Timney, B.; Keil, K. doi  openurl
  Title Local and global stereopsis in the horse Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Vision Research Abbreviated Journal Vision Res  
  Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 1861-1867  
  Keywords Animals; Depth Perception/*physiology; Female; Horses/*physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology; Psychophysics; Sensory Thresholds/physiology; Vision, Binocular/physiology; Vision, Monocular/physiology  
  Abstract Although horses have laterally-placed eyes, there is substantial binocular overlap, allowing for the possibility that these animals have stereopsis. In the first experiment of the present study we measured local stereopsis by obtaining monocular and binocular depth thresholds for renal depth stimuli. On all measures, the horses' binocular performance was superior to their monocular. When depth thresholds were obtained, binocular thresholds were several times superior to those obtained monocularly, suggesting that the animals could use stereoscopic information when it was available. The binocular thresholds averaged about 15 min arc. In the second experiment we obtained evidence for the presence of global stereopsis by testing the animals' ability to discriminate between random-dot stereograms with and without consistent disparity information. When presented with such stimuli they showed a strong preference for the cyclopean equivalent of the positive stimulus with the real depth. These results provide the first behavioral demonstration of a full range of stereoscopic skills in a lateral-eyed mammal.  
  Address Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. timney@julian.uwo.ca  
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  ISSN 0042-6989 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:10343877 Approved yes  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3580  
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Author Treichler, F.R.; Van Tilburg, D. doi  openurl
  Title Training requirements and retention characteristics of serial list organization by macaque monkeys Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.  
  Volume 2 Issue 4 Pages 235-244  
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  Abstract This work evaluated the prospect that organizational accounts of the retention of list information by monkeys might be an artifact of familiarity with conditional relationships. Seven sophisticated macaques were trained on four five-item lists. Each acquisition selectively excluded one of the internal conditional pairs of the typical four-problem sequence (AB,BC,CD,DE) that defines a five-item serially ordered list. Then, all possible novel pairings and the trained pairs appeared together in a test. After this, the previously omitted pair was trained and animals were retested. On all tasks, initial tests revealed little organization and much intersubject variability of characteristic choice strategies, but subsequent inclusion of all four conditional pairs always yielded organized serial choice. On both the four-problem tests and in a later retention, errors were directly related to interitem distance between the objects paired on test trials. These results helped to specify the conditions required for demonstration of non-human primate analogs of transitivity, and showed that even sophisticated monkeys organize information in retention only if they know all interitem relationships.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3211  
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Author Langen, T.A. doi  openurl
  Title How western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) select a nut: effects of the number of options, variation in nut size, and social competition among foragers Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.  
  Volume 2 Issue 4 Pages 223-233  
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  Abstract Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) often visually assess and handle several whole (unshelled) peanuts before selecting one to transport and cache; this behavior is a search for a preferred heavy nut. I repeatedly video-taped individually identifiable jays as they landed on a feeding platform and chose from presentations of peanuts that varied in the number of items or in the distribution of sizes. I examined how differences among these presentations and a bird's social status affected the amount of assessment and the economic consequences of choice. I also examined the specific patterns of handling peanuts, called sampling, to quantify the degree to which sampling sequences were typified by repeated comparisons among sampled peanuts (retrospective sampling), or sequential assessment and rejection of peanuts (prospective sampling). Peanut assessment was more extensive and prospective when there were many options from which to choose than when there were few. Peanut assessment was more extensive and retrospective when options were similar in size than when they varied. Scrub-jays were more likely to make repeated comparisons immediately before selecting a peanut than elsewhere in a sampling sequence. Subordinate scrub-jays, who were at the greatest risk of pre-emption by competitors, assessed peanuts less extensively and were more prospective in their sampling than dominants. Unless peanuts were very similar in size, jays were more accurate at selecting a high-quality peanut and achieved a higher rate of food storage than if they had not assessed. These results show that scrub-jays can adaptively modify how they search to improve their rate of food storage, and also suggest some of the specific search tactics used by jays when assessing peanuts.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3387  
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