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	Author	Cooper, J.J.
	Title	Comparative learning theory and its application in the training of horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Equine veterinary journal. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J Suppl
	Volume		Issue	27	Pages	39-43
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); Horses/psychology; *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology)
	Abstract	Training can best be explained as a process that occurs through stimulus-response-reinforcement chains, whereby animals are conditioned to associate cues in their environment, with specific behavioural responses and their rewarding consequences. Research into learning in horses has concentrated on their powers of discrimination and on primary positive reinforcement schedules, where the correct response is paired with a desirable consequence such as food. In contrast, a number of other learning processes that are used in training have been widely studied in other species, but have received little scientific investigation in the horse. These include: negative reinforcement, where performance of the correct response is followed by removal of, or decrease in, intensity of a unpleasant stimulus; punishment, where an incorrect response is paired with an undesirable consequence, but without consistent prior warning; secondary conditioning, where a natural primary reinforcer such as food is closely associated with an arbitrary secondary reinforcer such as vocal praise; and variable or partial conditioning, where once the correct response has been learnt, reinforcement is presented according to an intermittent schedule to increase resistance to extinction outside of training.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10485003			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	846
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	Author	Schnitzer, U.
	Title	Grundsätze der Gymnastizierung des Reitpferdes			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	16
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Deutsch	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @			Serial	1064
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	Author	Bürger, U.
	Title	The Way to perfect Horsemanship			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	254
	Keywords
	Abstract	The Way to Perfect Horsemanship is an outstanding work in the vast literature devoted to horsemanship. It provides, for the first time, a clear insight into the psychological makeup of the horse, its muscular system, the mechanics of its movement, and the aids to human-to-horse communication. Udo Burger presents his philosophy of riding in a scientific manner, asserting that no one can no more learn to ride without a knowledge of horse physiology and psychology than one can learn the art of medecine without a background in health and disease. He clearly explains what one should feel and do on horseback--ultimately, as if one is part of the horse, completely united with it in all of its movements. Anyone with a genuine empathy for horses--wether teacher, trainer, competitor, or occasional rider--will benefit enormously from reading this classic work on horsemanship. The late Udo Burger was an accomplished horseman and one of Germany's most esteemed equine veterinarians.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Trafalgar Square Publishing	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-1570761294	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	1st English cased ed edition (October 1, 1998)			Approved	no
	Call Number	Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @			Serial	1594
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	Author	Bouman, I.
	Title	The reintroduction of Przewalski horses in the Hustain Nuruu Mountain Forest Steppe Reserve in Mongolia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Mededelingen: Netherlands Commission for International Nature Protection	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	32	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2241
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	Author	Carpenter, M.; Nagell, K.; Tomasello, M.; Butterworth, G.; Moore, C.
	Title	Social Cognition, Joint Attention, and Communicative Competence from 9 to 15 Months of Age			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development	Abbreviated Journal	Monogr Soc Res Child Dev
	Volume	63	Issue	4	Pages	1-174
	Keywords
	Abstract	At around 1 year of age, human infants display a number of new behaviors that seem to indicate a newly emerging understanding of other persons as intentional beings whose attention to outside objects may be shared, followed into, and directed in various ways. These behaviors have mostly been studied separately. In the current study, we investigated the most important of these behaviors together as they emerged in a single group of 24 infants between 9 and 15 months of age. At each of seven monthly visits, we measured joint attentional engagement, gaze and point following, imitation of two different kinds of actions on objects, imperative and declarative gestures, and comprehension and production of language. We also measured several nonsocial-cognitive skills as a point of comparison. We report two studies. The focus of the first study was the initial emergence of infants' social-cognitive skills and how these skills are related to one another developmentally. We found a reliable pattern of emergence: Infants progressed from sharing to following to directing others' attention and behavior. The nonsocial skills did not emerge predictably in this developmental sequence. Furthermore, correlational analyses showed that the ages of emergence of all pairs of the social-cognitive skills or their components were interrelated. The focus of the second study was the social interaction of infants and their mothers, especially with regard to their skills of joint attentional engagement (including mothers' use of language to follow into or direct infants' attention) and how these skills related to infants' early communicative competence. Our measures of communicative competence included not only language production, as in previous studies, but also language comprehension and gesture production. It was found that two measures-the amount of time infants spent in joint engagement with their mothers and the degree to which mothers used language that followed into their infant's focus of attention-predicted infants' earliest skills of gestural and linguistic communication. Results of the two studies are discussed in terms of their implications for theories of social-cognitive development, for theories of language development, and for theories of the process by means of which human children become fully participating members of the cultural activities and processes into which they are born.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3997
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	Author	Müller-Wohlfahrt, H.W.; Kübler,U.; Müller- Wohlfahrt, H. W.
	Title	Hundert Prozent fit und gesund. Das Geheimnis des gesunden Menschen.			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Heyne	Place of Publication	München	Editor
	Language	German	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	9783453132733	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4446
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	Author	Gatta, D.; Baragli, P.; Ferrarini, N.; Ciattini, F.; Sighieri, C.; Colombani, B.
	Title	Fitness evaluation in endurance horses by standardised exercise test on treadmill			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Ippologia	Abbreviated Journal	Valutazione dello stato di allenamento del cavallo da endurance mediante test standardizzato su trea
	Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	57-69
	Keywords	Endurance; Horses; Treadmill
	Abstract	Endurance horses, like marathon runners, undertake sub-maximal, longterm physical exercises and in both cases thermoregulation plays a critical role. A standardised sub-maximal treadmill test was used to assess fitness and training state in endurance horses. Literature reports that trained human athletes dissipate head load better than not trained ones; in this study parameters related to thermoregulation were recorded together with other haematologic and metabolic ones. Six endurance horses, divided into two groups according to their training state, performed two submaximal tests at a distance of one week. Blood samples were collected at rest, during exercise, at the end and during recovery (10, 30 and 60 minutes after work). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal (RT) and skin (ST) temperatures were monitored through the exercise (and recovery for HR). HR resulted significantly lower (P<0.01) in trained horses than in untrained ones, especially during recovery. Also rectal and skin temperatures resulted significantly lower (P<0.05) in trained horses and ST increased more gradually during exercise. The values of haematocrit and haemoglobin resulted significantly lower (P<0.05) at rest, during exercise and recovery samples. In this study, the parameters related to thermoregulation, in accordance with data from human athletes, resulted significantly different in trained and untrained horses, while other parameters didn't vary significantly between the two groups. Thermoregulatory responses to exercise-generated heat load in a standardised test, studied by simple parameters, can thus offer useful information about fitness and training state of endurance horses.
	Address	Dipto. Anat., Biochim. Fisiol. Vet., Univ. degli Studi di Pisa
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Cited By (since 1996): 2; Export Date: 13 November 2008; Source: Scopus			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4655
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	Author	Dunbar, R. I. M.; Bever, J.
	Title	Neocortex size predicts group size in carnivores and some insectivores			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	Ethology
	Volume	108	Issue	8	Pages	695-708
	Keywords
	Abstract	Neocortex size has been shown to correlate with group size in primates. Data for carnivores and insectivores are used to test the generality of this relationship. The data suggest that carnivores lie on the same grade as the primates, but that insectivores lie on a separate grade to the left of these two orders. Among the insectivores, there appears to be a distinction between the 'advanced' genera (which show a relationship between group size and neocortex size) and the 'basal' genera (which do not).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4734
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	Author	Yulk G.
	Title	Leadership in organizations.			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Yulk G. 1998. Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Leadership in Organizations focuses on effective leadership in organizations through both theory and practice. This book explains and critiques the major theories and studies that are most relevant and informative and reviews what we know about leadership effectiveness. This combination of theory and practice makes this text a useful resource for practicing managers who are looking for something more than superficial answers to difficult questions about leadership.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Prentice-Hall	Place of Publication	Englewood Cliffs, NJ	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-0138142681	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4806
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	Author	Mench, J.A.; Morrow-Tesch, J.; Chu, L.-R.
	Title	Environmental enrichment for farm animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Lab Animal	Abbreviated Journal	Lab Anim.
	Volume	27	Issue		Pages	32-36
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	ISSN : 0093-7355	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6188
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