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	Author	Kerth, G.
	Title	Group decision-making in animal societies			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2010	Publication	Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	241-265
	Keywords	Life Sciences
	Abstract	Individuals need to coordinate their activities to benefit from group living. Thus group decisions are essential for societies, especially if group members cooperate with each other. Models show that shared (democratic) decisions outperform unshared (despotic) decisions, even if individuals disagree about actions. This is surprising as in most other contexts, differences in individual preferences lead to sex-, age-, or kin-specific behaviour. Empirical studies testing the predictions of the theoretical models have only recently begun to emerge. This applies particularly to group decisions in fission-fusion societies, where individuals can avoid decisions that are not in their interest. After outlining the basic ideas and theoretical models on group decision-making I focus on the available empirical studies. Originally most of the relevant studies have been on social insects and fish but recently an increasing number of studies on mammals and birds have been published, including some that deal with wild long-lived animals living in complex societies. This includes societies where group members have different interests, as in most mammals, and which have been less studied compared to eusocial insects that normally have no conflict among their colony members about what to do. I investigate whether the same decision rules apply in societies with conflict and without conflict, and outline open questions that remain to be studied. The chapter concludes with a synthesis on what is known about group decision-making in animals and an outlook on what I think should be done to answer the open questions.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor	Kappeler, P.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-642-02624-9	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5381
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	Author	van Schaik, C.P.
	Title	Social learning and culture in animals			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2010	Publication	Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	623-653
	Keywords	Life Sciences
	Abstract	Most animals must learn some of the behaviours in their repertoire, and some must learn most. Although learning is often thought of as an individual exercise, in nature much learning is social, i.e. under the influence of conspecifics. Social learners acquire novel information or skills faster and at lower cost, but risk learning false information or useless skills. Social learning can be divided into learning from social information and learning through social interaction. Different species have different mechanisms of learning from social information, ranging from selective attention to the environment due to the presence of others to copying of complete motor sequences. In vertical (or oblique) social learning, naïve individuals often learn skills or knowledge from parents (or other adults), whereas horizontal social learning is from peers, either immatures or adults, and more often concerns eavesdropping and public information use. Because vertical social learning is often adaptive, maturing individuals often have a preference for it over individual exploration. The more cognitively demanding social learning abilities probably evolved in this context, in lineages where offspring show long association with parents and niches are complex. Because horizontal learning can be maladaptive, especially when perishable information has become outdated, animals must decide when to deploy social learning. Social learning of novel skills can lead to distinct traditions or cultures when the innovations are sufficiently rare and effectively transmitted socially. Animal cultures may be common but to date taxonomic coverage is insufficient to know how common. Cultural evolution is potentially powerful, but largely confined to humans, for reasons currently unknown. A general theory of culture is therefore badly needed.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor	Kappeler, P.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-642-02624-9	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5268
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	Social Ecology of Horses			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2008	Publication	Ecology of Social Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	195-206
	Keywords
	Abstract	Horses (Equidae ) are believed to clearly demonstrate the links between ecology and social organization. Their social cognitive abilities enable them to succeed in many different environments, including those provided for them by humans, or the ones domestic horses encounter when escaping from their human care takers. Living in groups takes different shapes in equids. Their aggregation and group cohesion can be explained by Hamilton“s selfish herd theory. However, when an individual joins and to which group it joins appears to be an active individual decision depending on predation pressure, intra group harassment and resource availability. The latest research concerning the social knowledge horses display in eavesdropping experiments affirms the need for an extension of simple herd concepts in horses for a cognitive component. Horses obviously realize the social composition of their group and determine their own position in it. The horses exceedingly flexible social behavior demands for explanations about the cognitive mechanisms, which allow them to make individual decisions. ”Ecology conditions like those that favour the evolution of open behavioural programs sometimes also favour the evolution of the beginnings of consciousness, by favouring conscious choice. Or in other words, consciousness originates with the choice that are left open by open behavioural programs." Popper (1977)
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	Publisher	Springer Verlag	Place of Publication	Heidelberg	Editor	j. Korb and J. Heinze
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4387
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	Author	Potts, R.
	Title	Variability selection in hominid evolution			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Evol. Anthropol.
	Volume	7	Issue	3	Pages	81-96
	Keywords	variability selection; hominids; environment; adaptation; natural selection; evolution
	Abstract	Variability selection (abbreviated as VS) is a process considered to link adaptive change to large degrees of environment variability. Its application to hominid evolution is based, in part, on the pronounced rise in environmental remodeling that took place over the past several million years. The VS hypothesis differs from prior views of hominid evolution, which stress the consistent selective effects associated with specific habitats or directional trends (e.g., woodland, savanna expansion, cooling). According to the VS hypothesis, wide fluctuations over time created a growing disparity in adaptive conditions. Inconsistency in selection eventually caused habitat-specific adaptations to be replaced by structures and behaviors responsive to complex environmental change. Key hominid adaptations, in fact, emerged during times of heightened variability. Early bipedality, encephalized brains, and complex human sociality appear to signify a sequence of VS adaptations—i.e., a ratcheting up of versatility and responsiveness to novel environments experienced over the past 6 million years. The adaptive results of VS cannot be extrapolated from selection within a single environmental shift or relatively stable habitat. If some complex traits indeed require disparities in adaptive setting (and relative fitness) in order to evolve, the VS idea counters the prevailing view that adaptive change necessitates long-term, directional consistency in selection. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1520-6505	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5461
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	Author	Dunbar, Robin I. M.
	Title	The social brain hypothesis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Evol. Anthropol.
	Volume	6	Issue	5	Pages	178-190
	Keywords	brain size – neocortex – social brain hypothesis – social skills – mind reading – primates
	Abstract	Conventional wisdom over the past 160 years in the cognitive and neurosciences has assumed that brains evolved to process factual information about the world. Most attention has therefore been focused on such features as pattern recognition, color vision, and speech perception. By extension, it was assumed that brains evolved to deal with essentially ecological problem-solving tasks. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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	Notes	Robin Dunbar is Professor of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioural Ecology at the University of Liverpool, England. His research primarily focuses on the behavioral ecology of ungulates and human and nonhuman primates, and on the cognitive mechanisms and brain components that underpin the decisions that animals make. He runs a large research group, with graduate students working on many different species on four continents.			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4371
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	Author	Packer, C.; Pusey, A. E.
	Title	Asymmetric contests in social mammals: respect, manipulation and age-specific aspects			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1985	Publication	Evolution: Essays in Honour of John Maynard Smith	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	173-86
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Camebridge University Press	Place of Publication	Camebridge	Editor	Greenwood, P.J.; Slatkin, M.;
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	819
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	Author	Bökönyi, S.
	Title	Horse			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1984	Publication	Evolution of domesticated animals	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	18	Issue		Pages	162-173
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	Abstract
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	John Wiley & Sons	Place of Publication	Hoboken, NJ	Editor	Manson
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Product Details * Hardcover * Publisher: John Wiley & Sons (May 1986) * ISBN-10: 047020	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	949
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	Author	Rubenstein, D. I.,
	Title	Ecology and sociality in horses and zebras			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1986	Publication	Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution
	Volume		Issue		Pages	282-302
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	Abstract
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Princeton University Press	Place of Publication	Princeton, NJ.	Editor	Rubenstein, D. I. ; Wrangham, R. W.
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	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1526
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	Author	McGregor, P.K.; Dabelsteen, T.
	Title	Communication Networks			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1976	Publication	Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	409-425
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	Publisher	Cornell University Press	Place of Publication	Ithaca	Editor	Kroodsma, D. E.; Miller, E. H.
	Language	Englisch	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-0801482212	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2167
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	Author	Chance, M.R.A.; Mead, A.P
	Title	Social behaviour and primate evolution. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology,			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1953	Publication	Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Evolution
	Volume	7	Issue		Pages	395-439
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4786
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